Anticonvulsant action of 2,3-dihydroxy-6-nitro-7-sulfamoylbenzo(f)quinoxaline (NBQX), a competitive antagonist at non-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors for excitatory amino acids, was studied in a model of cortical epileptic afterdischarges (ADs) in 12-, 18- and 25-day-old rat pups with implanted electrodes. Electrical stimulation of sensorimotor cortex was repeated four times with 20-min intervals, NBQX (in doses of 10, 30, 60 or 90 mg/kg i.p.) or solvent (dimethyl sulfoxide, 1 ml/kg i.p.) were injected 10 min after the first afterdischarge. Dimethyl sulfoxide did not change the phenomena recorded; NBQX shortened ADs or at least blocked progressive prolongation observed under control conditions. Intensity of movements accompanying stimulation decreased after NBQX, and clonic movements accompanying ADs were suppressed in a dose-dependent manner. The highest dose of NBQX disabled the animals; therefore, the action of this drug on motor skills was studied in another group of animals. Even the dose of 30 mg/kg NBQX interfered with motor performance in 12- and 18-day-old rat pups, 25-day-old rat pups were more resistant to this action. NBQX exhibited only moderate antiepileptic action (suppression of progressive lengthening of ADs) at doses where unwanted side effects were absent.

• MeSH
• antikonvulziva farmakologie   MeSH
• chinoxaliny farmakologie   MeSH
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• mozková kůra účinky léků   MeSH
• novorozená zvířata MeSH
• plnění a analýza úkolů MeSH
• pohybová aktivita účinky léků   MeSH
• potkani Wistar MeSH
• vztah mezi dávkou a účinkem léčiva MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• 2,3-dioxo-6-nitro-7-sulfamoylbenzo(f)quinoxaline MeSH Prohlížeč
• antikonvulziva MeSH
• chinoxaliny MeSH

OBJECTIVE: Pharmacological manipulations of glutamatergic ionotropic receptors have been suggested as a promising target for addiction treatment. Antagonists of AMPA/kainate receptors were shown to reduce alcohol intake or alcohol-seeking in various animal models. In this study, we evaluated the effect of NBQX, an AMPA/kainate receptor antagonist, on methamphetamine (METH) and nicotine self-administration in rats. METHODS: Male Wistar rats were trained to self-administer METH (0.08 mg/kg per infusion, session of 90 min) and nicotine (0.03 mg/kg per infusion, session of 60 min) under the fixed ratio 1 schedule of reinforcement. The maintenance training was 2 weeks. During the second week, NBQX was injected subcutaneously at doses of 5 or 10 mg/kg 20 min before the session or intravenously (IV) at doses of 1 and 5 mg/kg 10 min before the session. Following the maintenance training, rats were subjected to forced abstinence for 2 weeks and 1 day of the drug-free relapse-like session with IV NBQX treatment performed as before. RESULTS: Although NBQX did not affect nicotine maintenance, it significantly suppressed the drug-paired responding in the relapse session. Regarding METH, NBQX did not exert a significant effect at either phase of the study. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest selective involvement of AMPA/kainate receptors in the relapse of nicotine seeking after a period of forced abstinence.

• Klíčová slova
• AMPA/kainate receptor, methamphetamine, nicotine, relapse, self-administration,
• MeSH
• autoaplikace MeSH
• chinoxaliny MeSH
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• methamfetamin * farmakologie   MeSH
• nikotin MeSH
• potkani Wistar MeSH
• recidiva MeSH
• vztah mezi dávkou a účinkem léčiva MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural MeSH
• Názvy látek
• 2,3-dioxo-6-nitro-7-sulfamoylbenzo(f)quinoxaline MeSH Prohlížeč
• chinoxaliny MeSH
• methamfetamin * MeSH
• nikotin MeSH

The devastating consequences of alcohol-use disorder (AUD) on the individual and the society are well established. Current treatments of AUD encompass various strategies, all of which have only modest effectiveness. Hence, there is a critical need to develop more efficacious therapies. Recently, specific glutamatergic receptors have been identified as potential novel targets for intervention in AUD. Thus, the current study was designed to evaluate the effects of acute administration of sub-anesthetic doses of ketamine, an NMDA receptor antagonist, as well as NBQX, an AMPA/kainate receptor antagonist on alcohol intake and its possible behavioural consequences. Adult male Wistar rats were trained in drinking in dark paradigm (3 weeks), and following stable alcohol intake, ketamine, NBQX as well as their combination were injected prior to a 90 min drinking session. In addition to alcohol intake, sucrose preference (overnight), and locomotor activity and forced swim test (FST) were also evaluated before and following alcohol intake. Both doses of ketamine (5 and 10 mg/kg) and NBQX (5 and 10 mg/kg) significantly attenuated percent alcohol intake. The combination of the higher dose of ketamine and NBQX, however, did not significantly affect percent alcohol intake. Moreover, animals exposed to alcohol showed decreased sucrose intake (reflective of anhedonia), decreased locomotor activity and swimming in the FST (reflective of helplessness), that were not affected by ketamine and/or NBQX. These results suggest that selective antagonism of the NMDA or AMPA/kainate receptors may be of therapeutic potential in AUD.

• Klíčová slova
• AMPA receptor, Alcohol use disorder, Alcoholism, Glutamatergic receptors, Kainate receptor, NMDA receptor,
• MeSH
• AMPA receptory antagonisté a inhibitory   MeSH
• chinoxaliny farmakologie   MeSH
• deprese farmakoterapie   MeSH
• ketamin farmakologie   MeSH
• kyselina kainová farmakologie   MeSH
• pití alkoholu škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• potkani Wistar MeSH
• receptory N-methyl-D-aspartátu antagonisté a inhibitory   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural MeSH
• Názvy látek
• 2,3-dioxo-6-nitro-7-sulfamoylbenzo(f)quinoxaline MeSH Prohlížeč
• AMPA receptory MeSH
• chinoxaliny MeSH
• ketamin MeSH
• kyselina kainová MeSH
• receptory N-methyl-D-aspartátu MeSH

Changes of evoked potentials under the influence of NBQX (a non-NMDA receptor antagonist), MK-801 (a NMDA receptor antagonist) and GDEE (a nonselective antagonist of glutamate receptor) were studied. GDEE augmented potentiation and was marked progression of potentiation with increasing number of stimuli. There was no potentiation of responses in relation to the number of stimulus in a series in experiments with both MK-801 and NBQX. Interpretation of results with NBQX and MK-801 is difficult.

• MeSH
• AMPA receptory antagonisté a inhibitory   MeSH
• antagonisté excitačních aminokyselin farmakologie   MeSH
• chinoxaliny farmakologie   MeSH
• dizocilpinmaleát farmakologie   MeSH
• evokované potenciály účinky léků   MeSH
• glutamáty MeSH
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• anglický abstrakt MeSH
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• 2,3-dioxo-6-nitro-7-sulfamoylbenzo(f)quinoxaline MeSH Prohlížeč
• AMPA receptory MeSH
• antagonisté excitačních aminokyselin MeSH
• chinoxaliny MeSH
• dizocilpinmaleát MeSH
• glutamáty MeSH
• glutamic acid diethyl ester MeSH Prohlížeč

Non-NMDA receptor antagonists CNQX, DNQX, and NBQX (10-40 mg/kg IP) were tested against pentylenetetrazol-induced (100 mg/kg SC) seizures in 7 to 90-day-old rats. All three drugs significantly decreased the incidence of tonic hindlimb component of tonic-clonic pentylenetetrazol seizures, often in favor of increased incidence of forelimb tonus throughout development. In addition, in 7 to 25-day-old rats, DNQX and NBQX decreased the severity of seizures due to a decrease in total incidence of the tonic component of tonic-clonic seizures compared to age-matched controls. However, neither drug was able to consistently suppress the incidence or increase latency to onset of clonic and tonic-clonic pentylenetetrazol seizures. The data suggest that, during development, non-NMDA receptor transmission may play a role in the generation of the tonic component, but not in the generation of other components of pentylenetetrazol-induced seizures.

• MeSH
• 6-kyano-7-nitrochinoxalin-2,3-dion farmakologie   MeSH
• AMPA receptory antagonisté a inhibitory   MeSH
• antikonvulziva farmakologie   MeSH
• chinoxaliny farmakologie   MeSH
• chování zvířat účinky léků   MeSH
• epilepsie tonicko-klonická chemicky indukované   prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• nervový přenos účinky léků   MeSH
• pentylentetrazol MeSH
• potkani Wistar MeSH
• receptory kyseliny kainové antagonisté a inhibitory   MeSH
• stárnutí fyziologie   MeSH
• svalový tonus účinky léků   MeSH
• záchvaty chemicky indukované   prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• zadní končetina účinky léků   fyziologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• 2,3-dioxo-6-nitro-7-sulfamoylbenzo(f)quinoxaline MeSH Prohlížeč
• 6-kyano-7-nitrochinoxalin-2,3-dion MeSH
• AMPA receptory MeSH
• antikonvulziva MeSH
• chinoxaliny MeSH
• FG 9041 MeSH Prohlížeč
• pentylentetrazol MeSH
• receptory kyseliny kainové MeSH

Excitatory amino acids play an important role in generation of epileptic seizures. To study the participation of different types of their receptors in cortical epileptic afterdischarges, a noncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonist dizocilpine and a competitive AMPA receptor antagonist NBQX were used. Adult rats with implanted epidural stimulation and registration electrodes were pretreated either with NBQX (30 or 60 mg/kg i.p.) or with dizocilpine (0.1 or 0.5 mg/kg i.p.) and low-frequency stimulation of sensorimotor cortical area was repeatedly applied with stepwise increased current intensities. Lower dose of NBQX unexpectedly decreased thresholds for elicitation of spike-and-wave afterdischarges (ADs), clonic seizures accompanying this type of ADs and for transition into the second, limbic type of ADs. Lower dose of dizocilpine increased these three thresholds. Higher doses of either drug did not significantly change threshold intensities. Duration of ADs was also influenced by the two antagonists in opposite directions: higher dose of NBQX resulted in prolongation of ADs mainly due to an increased duration of the spike-and-wave part of ADs whereas dizocilpine shortened ADs in a dose-dependent manner affecting both types of ADs. In addition, NBQX did not influence interhemispheric responses meanwhile dizocilpine moderately suppressed these evoked potentials. According to our results, NMDA receptors are important for generation of cortical epileptic afterdischarges meanwhile the role of AMPA receptors is not clear and has to be analyzed.

• MeSH
• antagonisté excitačních aminokyselin MeSH
• chinoxaliny aplikace a dávkování   MeSH
• dizocilpinmaleát aplikace a dávkování   MeSH
• elektrická stimulace škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• elektroencefalografie metody   MeSH
• epilepsie etiologie   patologie   patofyziologie   prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• evokované potenciály účinky léků   fyziologie   účinky záření   MeSH
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• mozková kůra účinky léků   MeSH
• potkani Wistar MeSH
• vztah dávky záření a odpovědi MeSH
• vztah mezi dávkou a účinkem léčiva MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• srovnávací studie MeSH
• Názvy látek
• 2,3-dioxo-6-nitro-7-sulfamoylbenzo(f)quinoxaline MeSH Prohlížeč
• antagonisté excitačních aminokyselin MeSH
• chinoxaliny MeSH
• dizocilpinmaleát MeSH

Homocysteine induces seizures in adult, as well as in immature, experimental animals, but the mechanism of its action is still unknown. The aim of the present study was to examine whether homocysteine in immature animals may act via excitatory amino acids receptors. Seizures were induced in 7-day-old rats by ip administration of homocysteine (16.5 mmol/kg) and the effects of selected antagonists at NMDA and non-NMDA receptor sites were investigated. The anticonvulsant effect was evaluated not only in terms of behavioral changes, but also in terms of some indicators of brain energy metabolism. Rat pups were sacrificed during generalized clonic-tonic seizures, corresponding approximately to 15-30 min after homocysteine administration. Comparable time intervals were used for sacrificing pups in the groups with protective drugs. Non-NMDA antagonists, L-glutamic acid diethylester (GDEE) (4 mmol/kg, ip) and 2,3-dihydroxy-6-nitro-7-sulfamoyl-benzo (F) quinoxaline (NBQX) (two doses, 30 mg/kg each, ip), failed to protect neonatal rats against homocysteine-induced seizures. Although NBQX prevented the tonic phase, the severity of clonic movements was even more pronounced. Metabolic changes accompanying the seizures (decreases of glucose and glycogen and a rise of lactate) were also not influenced by GDEE or NBQX pretreatment. On the contrary, NMDA antagonists, both competitive (AP7, 0.33 mmol/kg, ip) and noncompetitive (MK-801, 0.5 mg/kg, ip), had a clear-cut anticonvulsant effect. They not only suppressed the behavioral signs of seizures, but also prevented most of the metabolic changes accompanying seizures.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

• MeSH
• 2-amino-5-fosfonovalerát * analogy a deriváty   MeSH
• aminokyseliny farmakologie   MeSH
• AMPA receptory antagonisté a inhibitory   MeSH
• antikonvulziva farmakologie   MeSH
• chinoxaliny farmakologie   MeSH
• dizocilpinmaleát farmakologie   MeSH
• glutamáty farmakologie   MeSH
• homocystein * MeSH
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• neuroprotektivní látky farmakologie   MeSH
• novorozená zvířata fyziologie   MeSH
• potkani Wistar MeSH
• receptory aminokyselin antagonisté a inhibitory   MeSH
• receptory N-methyl-D-aspartátu antagonisté a inhibitory   MeSH
• záchvaty chemicky indukované   patofyziologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• 2-amino-5-fosfonovalerát * MeSH
• 2-amino-7-phosphonoheptanoic acid MeSH Prohlížeč
• 2,3-dioxo-6-nitro-7-sulfamoylbenzo(f)quinoxaline MeSH Prohlížeč
• aminokyseliny MeSH
• AMPA receptory MeSH
• antikonvulziva MeSH
• chinoxaliny MeSH
• dizocilpinmaleát MeSH
• glutamáty MeSH
• glutamic acid diethyl ester MeSH Prohlížeč
• homocystein * MeSH
• neuroprotektivní látky MeSH
• receptory aminokyselin MeSH
• receptory N-methyl-D-aspartátu MeSH

Mechanism of ictogenesis of D- and L-stereroisomers of homocysteic acid was studied in 12-day-old rats by means of antagonists of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptors. There was no qualitative difference between the two stereoisomers in generation of emprosthotonic (flexion) as well as generalized tonic-clonic seizures. Moderate differences were observed in the first, nonconvulsive effects of the two isomers. As generation of the two types of seizures is concerned, NMDA and AMPA participate in generalized tonic-clonic seizures whereas NMDA receptors play a dominant role in generation of flexion seizures.

• MeSH
• 2-amino-5-fosfonovalerát analogy a deriváty   MeSH
• AMPA receptory antagonisté a inhibitory   MeSH
• benzodiazepiny MeSH
• chinoxaliny MeSH
• dizocilpinmaleát MeSH
• homocystein analogy a deriváty   chemie   toxicita   MeSH
• potkani Wistar MeSH
• receptory N-methyl-D-aspartátu antagonisté a inhibitory   MeSH
• stereoizomerie MeSH
• záchvaty chemicky indukované   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• 2-amino-4-methyl-5-phosphono-3-pentenoic acid MeSH Prohlížeč
• 2-amino-5-fosfonovalerát MeSH
• 2,3-dioxo-6-nitro-7-sulfamoylbenzo(f)quinoxaline MeSH Prohlížeč
• AMPA receptory MeSH
• benzodiazepiny MeSH
• chinoxaliny MeSH
• dizocilpinmaleát MeSH
• GYKI 52466 MeSH Prohlížeč
• homocysteic acid MeSH Prohlížeč
• homocystein MeSH
• receptory N-methyl-D-aspartátu MeSH

Bilateral intracerebroventricular infusion of dl-homocysteic acid (DL-HCA) (600 nmol on each side) to immature 12-day-old rats induced generalized clonic-tonic seizures, recurring frequently for at least 90 min, with a high rate of survival. Electrographic recordings from sensorimotor cortex, hippocampus, and striatum demonstrated isolated spikes in the hippocampus and/or striatum as the first sign of dl-HCA action. Generalization of epileptic activity occurred during generalized clonic-tonic seizures, but electroclinical correlation was very low; dissociation between EEG pattern and motor phenomena was common. Seizures were accompanied by large decreases of cortical glucose and glycogen and by approximately 7- to 10-fold accumulation of lactate. ATP and phosphocreatine (PCr) levels remained unchanged even during longlasting (3 h) convulsions. Metabolite levels became normalized during the recovery period (24 h). The examination of the effect of selected antagonists of NMDA [AP7 (18.5 and 37 mg/kg, respectively), MK-801 (0.5 mg/kg)] and non-NMDA [NBQX (10, 15 and 30 mg/kg, respectively)] receptors revealed that seizures could be attenuated or prevented (depending on the dose employed) by antagonists of both NMDA and non-NMDA receptors, as evaluated not only according to the suppression of behavioral manifestations of seizures, but also in terms of the protection of metabolite changes accompanying seizures. All antagonists employed, when given alone in the same doses as those used for seizure protection, did not influence metabolite levels, with the exception of increased glucose concentrations. Furthermore, the pronounced anticonvulsant effect could be achieved by the combined treatment with low subthreshold doses of NMDA (AP7) and non-NMDA (NBQX) receptor antagonists, which may be of potential significance for a new approach to the treatment of epilepsy.

• MeSH
• 2-amino-5-fosfonovalerát analogy a deriváty   farmakologie   MeSH
• antagonisté excitačních aminokyselin farmakologie   MeSH
• chinoxaliny farmakologie   MeSH
• dizocilpinmaleát farmakologie   MeSH
• elektroencefalografie MeSH
• energetický metabolismus účinky léků   fyziologie   MeSH
• epilepsie chemicky indukované   farmakoterapie   metabolismus   MeSH
• glukosa metabolismus   MeSH
• homocystein analogy a deriváty   MeSH
• injekce intraventrikulární MeSH
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• modely nemocí na zvířatech MeSH
• mozková kůra chemie   metabolismus   patofyziologie   MeSH
• neuroprotektivní látky farmakologie   MeSH
• potkani Wistar MeSH
• receptory N-methyl-D-aspartátu fyziologie   MeSH
• věkové faktory MeSH
• záchvaty chemicky indukované   farmakoterapie   metabolismus   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• 2-amino-5-fosfonovalerát MeSH
• 2-amino-7-phosphonoheptanoic acid MeSH Prohlížeč
• 2,3-dioxo-6-nitro-7-sulfamoylbenzo(f)quinoxaline MeSH Prohlížeč
• antagonisté excitačních aminokyselin MeSH
• chinoxaliny MeSH
• dizocilpinmaleát MeSH
• glukosa MeSH
• homocysteic acid MeSH Prohlížeč
• homocystein MeSH
• neuroprotektivní látky MeSH
• receptory N-methyl-D-aspartátu MeSH

Seizures were induced in immature 18-day-old rats by i.p. administration of homocysteine (11 mmol/kg) and the effects of selected antagonists of NMDA receptors [MK-801 (0.5 mg/kg), AP7 (0.33 mmol/kg), CGP 40116 (10 mg/kg)] and non-NMDA receptors [GDEE (4 mmol/kg), NBQX (two doses, 30 mg/kg each)] were studied. The effect of MgSO4 (two doses, 2 mmol/kg each) was also tested. The anticonvulsant effect was evaluated not only from the behavioral manifestations of seizures, but also in terms of some indicators of brain energy metabolism. Rat pups were sacrificed during generalized clonic-tonic seizures, corresponding to 16-45 min after homocysteine administration. Comparable time intervals were used for sacrificing the pups which had received the protective drugs. In contrast to neonatal rats, in which only NMDA antagonists could prevent homocysteine-induced seizures, both NMDA and non-NMDA receptor antagonists exerted an anticonvulsant effect in 18-day-old rats. In addition, the pronounced anticonvulsant effect could be achieved by the combined treatment with low subthreshold doses of NMDA (MK-801) and non-NMDA (NBQX) receptor antagonists. The protection was evident not only in suppressing behavioral symptoms of seizures, but also in preventing most of the metabolic changes accompanying seizures, mainly glycogen degradation. More than a sevenfold accumulation of lactate occurring during seizures was markedly reduced by all the tested drugs, but was not completely eliminated. All antagonists, when given alone in the same doses as those used for seizure protection, remained without any effect on lactate levels. Comparison of the present data with previous findings concerning neonatal rats suggests that there may be a developmental change in anticonvulsant efficacy of non-NMDA receptor antagonists against homocysteine-induced seizures in rats.

• MeSH
• 2-amino-5-fosfonovalerát analogy a deriváty   farmakologie   MeSH
• antagonisté excitačních aminokyselin farmakologie   MeSH
• antikonvulziva farmakologie   MeSH
• chinoxaliny farmakologie   MeSH
• chování zvířat účinky léků   MeSH
• dizocilpinmaleát farmakologie   MeSH
• energetický metabolismus fyziologie   MeSH
• glutamáty farmakologie   MeSH
• homocystein MeSH
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• mozek - chemie účinky léků   fyziologie   MeSH
• neuroprotektivní látky farmakologie   MeSH
• potkani Wistar MeSH
• receptory N-methyl-D-aspartátu antagonisté a inhibitory   MeSH
• věkové faktory MeSH
• vztah mezi dávkou a účinkem léčiva MeSH
• záchvaty chemicky indukované   farmakoterapie   metabolismus   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• 2-amino-4-methyl-5-phosphono-3-pentenoic acid MeSH Prohlížeč
• 2-amino-5-fosfonovalerát MeSH
• 2-amino-7-phosphonoheptanoic acid MeSH Prohlížeč
• 2,3-dioxo-6-nitro-7-sulfamoylbenzo(f)quinoxaline MeSH Prohlížeč
• antagonisté excitačních aminokyselin MeSH
• antikonvulziva MeSH
• chinoxaliny MeSH
• dizocilpinmaleát MeSH
• glutamáty MeSH
• glutamic acid diethyl ester MeSH Prohlížeč
• homocystein MeSH
• neuroprotektivní látky MeSH
• receptory N-methyl-D-aspartátu MeSH