The influence of light regulation on the growth and enzyme production of three endolichenic fungal isolates, i.e. Pseudopestalotiopsis theae (EF13), Fusarium solani (EF5), and Xylaria venustula (PH22), was determined. The isolates were exposed to blue, red, green, yellow, white fluorescent light (12 h light-12 h dark photoperiod) (test), and 24 h dark (control) conditions. Results revealed that the alternating light-dark conditions resulted in the formation of dark rings in most fungal isolates but was absent in PH22. Red light induced sporulation while yellow light elicited higher biomass in all isolates (0.19 ± 0.01 g, 0.07 ± 0.00 g, and 0.11 ± 0.00 g, for EF13, PH22, and EF5, respectively) as compared to incubation in the dark. Results also showed that blue light induced higher amylase activity in PH22 (15.31 ± 0.45 U/mL) and L-asparaginase activity in all isolates (0.45 ± 0.01 U/mL, 0.55 ± 0.39 U/mL, and 0.38 ± 0.01 U/mL, for EF13, PH22, and EF5, respectively) compared to both control conditions. Green light enhanced the production of xylanase (6.57 ± 0.42 U/mL, 10.64 ± 0.12 U/mL, and 7.55 ± 0.56 U/mL for EF13, PH22, and EF5, respectively) and cellulase (6.49 ± 0.48 U/mL, 9.57 ± 0.25 U/mL, and 7.28 ± 0.63 U/mL, for EF13, PH22, and EF5, respectively). In contrast, red light was the least effective light treatment as production of enzymes was the least, with lower levels of amylase, cellulase, xylanase, and L-asparaginase detected. To conclude, all three endolichenic fungi are light-responsive, with fungal growth regulated with the use of red light and yellow light, and manipulation of enzyme production via blue and green light.

• Klíčová slova
• Amylase, Biomass, Cellulase, Endolichenic fungi, L-asparaginase, Xylanase,
• MeSH
• amylasy MeSH
• asparaginasa * MeSH
• celulasy * MeSH
• endo-1,4-beta-xylanasy MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• amylasy MeSH
• asparaginasa * MeSH
• celulasy * MeSH
• endo-1,4-beta-xylanasy MeSH

A lichen body is formed most often from green alga cells trapped in a net of ascomycetous fungi and accompanied by endolichenic or parasitic fungi, other algae, and symbiotic or free-living bacteria. The lichen's microcosmos is inhabited by mites, insects, and other animals for which the lichen is a source of food or a place to live. Novel, four-segmented dsRNA viruses were detected in saxicolous Chrysothrixchlorina and Leprariaincana lichens. Comparison of encoded genome proteins revealed classification of the viruses to the genus Alphachrysovirus and a relationship to chrysoviruses from filamentous ascomycetous fungi. We propose the names Chrysothrix chrysovirus 1 (CcCV1) and Lepraria chrysovirus 1 (LiCV1) as acronyms for these viruses. Surprisingly, observation of Chrysothrixchlorina hybridization with fluorescent-labelled virus probe by confocal microscope revealed that the CcCV1 virus is not present in the lichen body-forming fungus but in accompanying endolichenic Penicilliumcitreosulfuratum fungus. These are the first descriptions of mycoviruses from a lichen environment.

• Klíčová slova
• ascomycete, chrysovirus, complete genome, confocal microscopy, saxicolous lichen,
• MeSH
• dvouvláknová RNA MeSH
• fylogeneze MeSH
• genom virový MeSH
• genomika metody   MeSH
• lišejníky virologie   MeSH
• mykoviry klasifikace   fyziologie   MeSH
• RNA-viry MeSH
• sekvence aminokyselin MeSH
• symbióza * MeSH
• virové proteiny chemie   genetika   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• dvouvláknová RNA MeSH
• virové proteiny MeSH

The view of lichens as a symbiosis only between a mycobiont and a photobiont has been challenged by discoveries of diverse associated organisms. Specific basidiomycete yeasts in the cortex of a range of macrolichens were hypothesized to influence the lichens' phenotype. The present study explores the occurrence and diversity of cystobasidiomycete yeasts in the lichen genus Cladonia. We obtained seven cultures and 56 additional sequences using specific primers from 27 Cladonia species from all over Europe and performed phylogenetic analyses based on ITS, LSU and SSU rDNA loci. We revealed yeast diversity distinct from any previously reported. Representatives of Cyphobasidiales, Microsporomycetaceae and of an unknown group related to Symmetrospora have been found. We present evidence that the Microsporomycetaceae contains mainly lichen-associated yeasts. Lichenozyma pisutiana is circumscribed here as a new genus and species. We report the first known associations between cystobasidiomycete yeasts and Cladonia (both corticate and ecorticate), and find that the association is geographically widespread in various habitats. Our results also suggest that a great diversity of lichen associated yeasts remains to be discovered.

• Klíčová slova
• Endolichenic fungi, Endothallic fungi, Lichenicolous fungi, Microsporomycetaceae, Third symbiont, Yeast cultures,
• MeSH
• Basidiomycota klasifikace   genetika   izolace a purifikace   fyziologie   MeSH
• ekosystém MeSH
• fylogeneze MeSH
• lišejníky mikrobiologie   fyziologie   MeSH
• symbióza MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Evropa MeSH