BACKGROUND: To improve national influenza vaccination recommendations, additional data on influenza A and B virus circulation are needed. Here, we describe the circulation of influenza A and B in the Czech Republic during 16 seasons. METHODS: This was a retrospective analysis of data collected from the 2000-2001 to 2015-2016 influenza seasons by the Czech Republic national influenza surveillance network. Influenza was confirmed and viral isolates subtyped by virological assays followed by antigen detection or by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: Of 16,940 samples collected, 5144 (30.4%) were influenza-positive. Influenza A represented 78.6% of positive cases overall and accounted for more than 55.0% of all influenza cases in every season, except for 2005-2006 (6.0%). Both A/H1N1 and A/H3N2 were detected in most seasons, except for 2001-2002 and 2003-2004 (only A/H3N2), and 2007-2008 and 2009-2010 (only A/H1N1). Influenza B represented 21.4% of positive cases overall (range, 0.0-94.0% per season). Both influenza B lineages were detected in three seasons, a single B lineage in 11, and no B strain in two. For the 11 seasons where influenza B accounted for ≥20% of positive cases, the dominant lineage was Yamagata in six and Victoria in four. In the remaining season, the two lineages co-circulated. For two seasons (2005-2006 and 2007-2008), the B lineage in the trivalent influenza vaccine did not match the dominant circulating B lineage. CONCLUSIONS: In the Czech Republic, during the 2000-2001 to 2015-2016 influenza seasons, influenza virus circulation varied considerably. Although influenza A accounted for the most cases in almost all seasons, influenza B made a substantial, sometimes dominant, contribution to influenza disease.

• Klíčová slova
• Czech Republic, Epidemiology, Influenza A, Influenza B, Influenza surveillance, Lineage,
• MeSH
• chřipka lidská epidemiologie   prevence a kontrola   přenos   virologie   MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• kojenec MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• novorozenec MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• retrospektivní studie MeSH
• roční období MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• surveillance populace MeSH
• vakcinace statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• vakcíny proti chřipce terapeutické užití   MeSH
• virus chřipky A, podtyp H1N1 imunologie   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• virus chřipky A, podtyp H3N2 imunologie   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• virus chřipky B imunologie   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• kojenec MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• novorozenec MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika epidemiologie   MeSH
• Názvy látek
• vakcíny proti chřipce MeSH

The authors submit an epidemiological and aetiological analysis of a local epidemic of influenza type B which occurred in April 1989 in a mental hospital at the geronto-psychiatric department. In the course of two weeks 26 patients and 5 health workers from a total of 72 exposed subjects contracted influenza. 50% of the patients who contracted influenza died. The authors emphasize the necessity of early preventive epidemiological provisions in institutions of this type.

• MeSH
• chřipka lidská epidemiologie   MeSH
• epidemický výskyt choroby * MeSH
• geriatrická psychiatrie MeSH
• infekce spojené se zdravotní péčí etiologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ústavy pro duševně nemocné * MeSH
• virus chřipky B * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• Publikační typ
• anglický abstrakt MeSH
• časopisecké články MeSH

STUDY AIM: Analysis of the course of benign acute childhood myosistis during the influenza epidemic of 2012/2013, with a focus on the clinical specificities, laboratory findings, diagnostic and therapeutic approaches, and prognosis. METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted of 10 patients with myositis during influenza infection. The haematological and biochemistry parameters were analysed. A direct real time-PCR assay was used to detect the virus from nasopharyngeal swabs. RESULTS: Eight of 10 patients were males of an average age of 7.1 years. Muscle disorders emerged during recovery from influenza. They were characterized by a sudden onset of severe pain in the calf muscles with the consequent inability to walk in nine patients. Toe walking was reported in six children and wide-base gait in one patient. The full blood count showed leukopenia (eight cases) and thrombocytopenia (five cases). Blood biochemistry typically detected elevated muscle enzymes (creatine kinase and aspartate aminotransferase) and elevated myoglobin in all patients. Influenza B was confirmed in all study patients. They all recovered spontaneously within two to four days. CONCLUSIONS: Benign acute childhood myositis presents with the clinical picture of transient muscle disorders resulting in difficulty walking and very rarely can be complicated by rhabdomyolysis and kidney failure. It is most often associated with influenza B and affects school age children, mostly males. Good awareness of the condition facilitates the differential diagnosis and enables to rule out other more serious causes of difficulty walking. Symptomatic therapy is an adequate option and the patient recovers spontaneously within a couple of days. Early recognition of the disease avoids unnecessary diagnostic and therapeutic interventions.

• Klíčová slova
• Myositis - influenza B - creatine kinase - myoglobin.,
• MeSH
• akutní nemoc MeSH
• chřipka lidská komplikace   virologie   MeSH
• diferenciální diagnóza MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• myozitida diagnóza   etiologie   MeSH
• retrospektivní studie MeSH
• virus chřipky B fyziologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

BACKGROUND: The Global Influenza Hospital Surveillance Network is an international platform whose primary objective is to study severe cases of influenza requiring hospitalization. METHODS: During the 2015-2016 influenza season, 11 sites in the Global Influenza Hospital Surveillance Network in nine countries (Russian Federation, Czech Republic, Turkey, France, China, Spain, Mexico, India, and Brazil) participated in a prospective, active-surveillance, hospital-based epidemiological study. Influenza infection was confirmed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Influenza vaccine effectiveness (IVE) against laboratory-confirmed influenza was estimated using a test-negative approach. RESULTS: 9882 patients with laboratory results were included of which 2415 (24.4%) were positive for influenza, including 1415 (14.3%) for A(H1N1)pdm09, 235 (2.4%) for A(H3N2), 180 (1.8%) for A not subtyped, 45 (0.5%) for B/Yamagata-lineage, 532 (5.4%) for B/Victoria-lineage, and 33 (0.3%) for B not subtyped. Of included admissions, 39% were < 5 years of age and 67% had no underlying conditions. The odds of being admitted with influenza were higher among pregnant than non-pregnant women (odds ratio, 2.82 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.90 to 4.19]). Adjusted IVE against influenza-related hospitalization was 16.3% (95% CI, 0.4 to 29.7). Among patients targeted for influenza vaccination, adjusted IVE against hospital admission with influenza was 16.2% (95% CI, - 3.6 to 32.2) overall, 23.0% (95% CI, - 3.3 to 42.6) against A(H1N1)pdm09, and - 25.6% (95% CI, - 86.3 to 15.4) against B/Victoria lineage. CONCLUSIONS: The 2015-2016 influenza season was dominated by A(H1N1)pdm09 and B/Victoria-lineage. Hospitalization with influenza often occurred in healthy and young individuals, and pregnant women were at increased risk of influenza-related hospitalization. Influenza vaccines provided low to moderate protection against hospitalization with influenza and no protection against the predominant circulating B lineage, highlighting the need for more effective and broader influenza vaccines.

• Klíčová slova
• Epidemiological study, Hospitalization, Influenza, Surveillance, Vaccine, Virus,
• MeSH
• chřipka lidská diagnóza   epidemiologie   prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• hospitalizace statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• odds ratio MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• prospektivní studie MeSH
• roční období MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• vakcíny proti chřipce imunologie   MeSH
• virus chřipky A, podtyp H1N1 izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• virus chřipky A, podtyp H3N2 izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• výsledek terapie MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• vakcíny proti chřipce MeSH

The authors submit an aetiological and epidemiological analysis of the influenza epidemic which occurred in the CSR between the 4th and 14th week of 1986 and was caused by the influenza virus subtype A/H3N2/ and type B. The epidemic affected a total of 27.1% of the population, in the age group of 0-5 years 63.7%, in the age group 6-14 years 52.7% and in the age group above 15 years 17.1%. In the course of the epidemic 77,458 cases of pneumonia and bronchitis were reported and 1,412 deaths with the diagnosis influenza, bronchitis, pneumonia and chronic affection of the lungs. The authors analyze also specific indicators of the activation of influenza viruses and reach the conclusion that serological evidence of the circulation of influenza viruses in the population was detected already in the third quarter of 1985, the first isolations were made six weeks before the influenza epidemic. Activation of the influenza viruses is indicated already during the pre-epidemic period by some non-specific indicators which include the rising number of patients with acute respiratory affections in surgeries and the rising number of children absent from nurseries and nursery schools on account of these diseases. The most sensitive non-specific indicator is the rising number of patients with respiratory diseases in surgeries of the First aid medical service.

• MeSH
• aktivace viru * MeSH
• chřipka lidská epidemiologie   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• epidemický výskyt choroby * MeSH
• kojenec MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• virus chřipky A, podtyp H3N2 * MeSH
• virus chřipky A růst a vývoj   MeSH
• virus chřipky B růst a vývoj   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• kojenec MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• Publikační typ
• anglický abstrakt MeSH
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Československo MeSH

The prevalence of antibodies to the haemagglutinins of two influenza A subtype, H1N1 and H3N2 and influenza B in sera collected from 1986 to 1988 from persons of different ages and from 10 locations in 5 ecological zones of Nigeria was determined. The levels of influenza antibodies in the sera varies with age and ecological zones of the country. A total of 1,022 sera were tested, of which 732 (71.6%) were positive for influenza antibodies. The prevalence of antibodies at titre 1:10 varied between 31.1% in the derived savannah and 94.4% in the swamp forest. The prevalence in the other zones were: rain forest 63.9%, guinea savannah 86.0% and 78.0% in sudan savannah. Reactors with the two influenza A subtypes antigens were more than reactors with influenza B antigens in the country. Antibody levels to influenza A subtypes varied between and within zones. Although there was no significant difference a (P greater than 0.05) in the overall prevalence of antibodies to the two subtypes, more sera had haemagglutination-inhibiting antibody to H1N1 subtype than H3N2 subtype in all the zones except in the rain forest. Prevalence of antibodies to influenza viruses increased with age in all the zones. Overcrowding in big cities and dry, dusty harmattan weather of the northern parts of the country are considered as possible risk factors in the epidemiology of influenza in Nigeria.

• MeSH
• ekologie MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• protilátky virové izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• testy inhibice hemaglutinace MeSH
• virus chřipky A imunologie   MeSH
• virus chřipky B imunologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Nigérie MeSH
• Názvy látek
• protilátky virové MeSH

BACKGROUND: The Global Influenza Hospital Surveillance Network (GIHSN) aims to determine the burden of severe influenza disease and Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness (IVE). This is a prospective, active surveillance and hospital-based epidemiological study to collect epidemiological data in the GIHSN. In the 2016-2017 influenza season, 15 sites in 14 countries participated in the GIHSN, although the analyses could not be performed in 2 sites. A common core protocol was used in order to make results comparable. Here we present the results of the GIHSN 2016-2017 influenza season. METHODS: A RT-PCR test was performed to all patients that accomplished the requirements detailed on a common core protocol. Patients admitted were included in the study after signing the informed consent, if they were residents, not institutionalised, not discharged in the previous 30 days from other hospitalisation with symptoms onset within the 7 days prior to admission. Patients 5 years old or more must also complied the Influenza-Like Illness definition. A test negative-design was implemented to perform IVE analysis. IVE was estimated using a logistic regression model, with the formula IVE = (1-aOR) × 100, where aOR is the adjusted Odds Ratio comparing cases and controls. RESULTS: Among 21,967 screened patients, 10,140 (46.16%) were included, as they accomplished the inclusion criteria, and tested, and therefore 11,827 (53.84%) patients were excluded. Around 60% of all patients included with laboratory results were recruited at 3 sites. The predominant strain was A(H3N2), detected in 63.6% of the cases (1840 patients), followed by B/Victoria, in 21.3% of the cases (618 patients). There were 2895 influenza positive patients (28.6% of the included patients). A(H1N1)pdm09 strain was mainly found in Mexico. IVE could only be performed in 6 sites separately. Overall IVE was 27.24 (95% CI 15.62-37.27. Vaccination seemed to confer better protection against influenza B and in people 2-4 years, or 85 years old or older. The aOR for hospitalized and testing positive for influenza was 3.02 (95% CI 1.59-5.76) comparing pregnant with non-pregnant women. CONCLUSIONS: Vaccination prevented around 1 in 4 hospitalisations with influenza. Sparse numbers didn't allow estimating IVE in all sites separately. Pregnancy was found a risk factor for influenza, having 3 times more risk of being admitted with influenza for pregnant women.

• Klíčová slova
• Epidemiology, Influenza virus, Surveillance, Vaccine effectiveness,
• MeSH
• celosvětové zdraví MeSH
• chřipka lidská epidemiologie   prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• hospitalizace statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• roční období MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• sentinelová surveillance * MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• vakcinace statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• vakcíny proti chřipce imunologie   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• virus chřipky A, podtyp H1N1 imunologie   MeSH
• virus chřipky A, podtyp H3N2 imunologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• vakcíny proti chřipce MeSH

This study compares the main causes of influenza epidemics reported in Czechoslovakia (CSR) and the German Democratic Republic (GDR) during the 9 seasons between 1980 and 1988. The influenza epidemics due to identical virus types were experienced in the two countries in the 1980, 1984 and 1986 seasons, and of these only the 1984 epidemic associated with A-strain influenza A/Chile/1/83 (H1N1) virus could be demonstrated to spread from the eastern parts of the CSR to the northern areas of the GDR. This implies that influenza epidemics due to identical drift variants spread only exceptionally from one country to the other during the period of observation, in spite of a busy tourist activity across the borderline.

• MeSH
• chřipka lidská epidemiologie   mikrobiologie   přenos   MeSH
• epidemický výskyt choroby * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• virus chřipky A MeSH
• virus chřipky B MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Československo MeSH
• Německo východní MeSH

• Klíčová slova
• INFLUENZA/immunology *,
• MeSH
• Betainfluenzavirus * MeSH
• chřipka lidská imunologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• virus chřipky B * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Dálný východ MeSH

• Klíčová slova
• CONJUNCTIVITIS *, INFLUENZA VIRUSES *,
• MeSH
• Betainfluenzavirus * MeSH
• epidemie * MeSH
• incidence MeSH
• konjunktivitida * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Orthomyxoviridae * MeSH
• virus chřipky B * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Československo MeSH