A novel dsRNA virus was identified in the mycorrhizal fungus Thelephora terrestris (Ehrh.) and sequenced. This virus, named Thelephora terrestris virus 1 (TtV1), contains two reading frames in different frames but with the possibility that ORF2 could be translated as a fusion polyprotein after ribosomal -1 frameshifting. Picornavirus 2A-like motif, nudix hydrolase, phytoreovirus S7, and RdRp domains were found in a unique arrangement on the polyprotein. A new genus named Phlegivirus and containing TtV1, PgLV1, RfV1 and LeV is therefore proposed. Twenty species of oribatid mites were identified in soil material in the vicinity of T. terrestris. TtV1 was detected in large amounts in Steganacarus (Tropacarus) carinatus (C.L. Koch, 1841) and in much smaller amounts in Nothrus silvestris (Nicolet). This is the first description of mycovirus presence in oribatid mites.

• Klíčová slova
• Acari, Earthfan fungus, Mycovirus, Oribatida, Phlebiopsis gigantea large virus, Phlegivirus, Soil mites,
• MeSH
• Basidiomycota virologie   MeSH
• Bunyaviridae klasifikace   genetika   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• fylogeneze MeSH
• molekulární sekvence - údaje MeSH
• mykorhiza klasifikace   genetika   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• mykoviry klasifikace   genetika   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• roztoči mikrobiologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Aerogels are obtained by laccase/2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-yl)oxyl (TEMPO)-oxidation of galactomannans (GMs) from the leguminous plants fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum), sesbania (Sesbania bispinosa) and guar (Cyamopsis tetragonolobus). GM oxidation in aqueous solutions causes a viscosity increase, resulting in structured and stable hydrogels. Upon lyophilization, water-insoluble aerogels are obtained, capable of water uptake up to several times their own weight. The materials derived from the three gums have been analyzed and compared. Chemical modifications have been studied by electrospray-ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Polymer structure has been determined by liquid-state and semi-quantitative solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and chemical stability by incubation under variable conditions of pH, ionic strength and solvent nature. The results show that hydrogel formation is due to oxidation of primary hydroxyl groups to carbonyl and carboxyl groups and subsequent formation of hemiacetal and ester bonds. Fenugreek displays the highest stability, compared to guar and sesbania rehydrated aerogels. This feature could be interpreted by its higher degree of substitution (Gal:Man = 1:1) and consequently higher amount of galactose primary alcohols, leading to more extensive crosslinking.

• Klíčová slova
• Aerogels, ESI-MS, Enzyme oxidation, FTIR, Galactomannans, NMR,
• MeSH
• galaktany chemie   MeSH
• galaktosa analogy a deriváty   MeSH
• gely chemie   MeSH
• lakasa chemie   MeSH
• mannany chemie   MeSH
• molekulární struktura MeSH
• oxidace-redukce MeSH
• rostlinné gumy chemie   MeSH
• Sesbania chemie   MeSH
• Trametes enzymologie   MeSH
• Trigonella chemie   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• galactomannan MeSH Prohlížeč
• galaktany MeSH
• galaktosa MeSH
• gely MeSH
• guar gum MeSH Prohlížeč
• lakasa MeSH
• mannany MeSH
• rostlinné gumy MeSH

Matrix effect-free UHPLC-MS/MS method was developed and validated for the determination of cholesterol-lowering lovastatin in food samples represented by Pu-erh tea, oyster mushroom, and red yeast rice. The resulting method was fully validated in terms of intra-day and inter-day precision, accuracy, linearity, range, LOD, LOQ, and matrix effects. The matrix effect phenomenon evaluated by comparison of slopes of calibration curves was completely eliminated by solid-phase extraction based on the technique of molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs). Comparison of elution profiles obtained on the MIP and corresponding control non-imprinted polymer (NIP) showed selectivity of the extraction procedure. In addition, selectivity of the MIP material and the molecularly imprinted solid-phase extraction (MISPE) was also proved by experiments evaluating retention of analytes physico-chemically similar to the target molecule. Extraction recoveries of these analytes represented by estrogen derivatives (estrone, estriol, 17α-ethinylestradiol, and β-estradiol) were very low or even null. Synthesis and preparation of the resulting MIP sorbent was characterized by excellent repeatability expressed as RSD 7.7% (n=9) of extraction recoveries. The determined capacity of the MIP material reaching 375ng/mg is sufficient for analysis of the evaluated statin in its natural sources. Suitability of the resulting MISPE-UHPLC-MS/MS procedure for real sample analysis was verified by the determination of lovastatin in one dietary supplement based on the red yeast rice with a given amount of the target analyte. Finally, three mushroom and fifteen tea samples obtained in Czech food stores and tearooms were subjected to analysis. Low or null amount of lovastatin was found in these samples.

• Klíčová slova
• Lovastatin, Matrix effects, Molecularly imprinted polymers, Selective sample preparation, UHPLC–MS/MS,
• MeSH
• biologické přípravky * MeSH
• čaj * MeSH
• extrakce na pevné fázi MeSH
• lovastatin MeSH
• molekulový imprinting MeSH
• Pleurotus * MeSH
• polymery MeSH
• tandemová hmotnostní spektrometrie MeSH
• vysokoúčinná kapalinová chromatografie MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• biologické přípravky * MeSH
• čaj * MeSH
• lovastatin MeSH
• polymery MeSH
• red yeast rice MeSH Prohlížeč

Context Some mushrooms of the order Polyporales are known for their immunomodulatory actions. Objective The objective of this study is to evaluate the in vitro phagocytic and cytotoxic effects of extracts from polyporales native to Central Europe. Materials and methods The effects of ethanol extracts from 27 polypore species on opsonized zymosan-induced phagocytosis of isolated human neutrophils were tested by a chemiluminescence method. Colon epithelial cell lines, Caco-2 and HT-29, were used for cytotoxicity assays, and extracts were chemically characterized in terms of total phenolic and β-glucan content. Results We observed phagocytosis or respiratory burst enhancing activity in 17 extracts, of which five species, namely Aurantiporus fissilis (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) H. Jahn ex Ryvarden, Trametes gibbosa (Pers.) Fr., Piptoporus betulinus (Bull.) P. Karst, Neolentinus lepideus (Fr.) Redhead & Ginns, Polyporus squamosus (Huds.) Fr., significantly increased phagocytosis in granulocytes by 205, 181, 158, 155 and 141%, respectively. The β-glucan content of the three most potent extracts was 58, 42 and 74 mg/g, respectively, and the polyphenol content was 155.6, 133.5 and 155.2 μmol of gallic acid equivalent/g, respectively. Some extracts showed cytotoxic activity, with higher cytotoxicity in Caco-2 than in HT-29 cells. Pycnoporus cinnabarinus (Jacq.) P. Karst. extract was cytotoxic to both cell lines, with IC50 values of 81 and 31 μg/mL, respectively. Discussion and conclusion The most promising extracts were from N. lepideus and Polyporus squamosus, which are edible species and may be considered safe. Our findings support their use as culinary preparations or food supplements for various immunological gut disorders.

• Klíčová slova
• Chemiluminescence, colon cancer cell lines, granulocytes, mushrooms, phagocytosis, polyporales,
• MeSH
• beta-glukany analýza   MeSH
• buňky HT-29 MeSH
• Caco-2 buňky MeSH
• fagocytóza účinky léků   MeSH
• fenoly analýza   MeSH
• imunologické faktory farmakologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Polyporales * chemie   klasifikace   MeSH
• protinádorové látky farmakologie   MeSH
• viabilita buněk účinky léků   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• beta-glukany MeSH
• fenoly MeSH
• imunologické faktory MeSH
• protinádorové látky MeSH