The present paper deals with the problem of the temporal relations between the beginning of the glottal opening at phonation onset and the thyroid cartilage kinematics at the prominentia laryngea. Furthermore, some differences in comparison with a stationary phonation event are discussed here.

• MeSH
• fonace fyziologie   MeSH
• hlasové řasy fyziologie   MeSH
• larynx fyziologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• oscilometrie MeSH
• plicní ventilace fyziologie   MeSH
• tyreoidální chrupavka fyziologie   MeSH
• zvuková spektrografie MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

The vocal apparatus serves phonation. It represents a biocybernetic self-regulating system, disposing of a feedback network of the central nervous system. The larynx is a self-induced vibrating system. The larynx, functioning as the phonation apparatus of the vocal apparatus, is a source of human voice. In every individual its frequency range corresponds to about eight semitones in speech and about two octaves of the so-called chest register in singing, denoted also as a thoracic or modal voice. This is followed by one more octave of the so-called cranial register or falsetto voice. We were interested in changes of the larynx positions at intonation in the fundamental singing registers, both modal and falsetto, in professional male singers. At our disposal were 11 professional male singers. We investigated changes in the position of the laryngeal structures simultaneously with the aid of an X-ray apparatus, the acoustic and mechanical signals registered by means of the B & K 4369 acceleration recorder. It has been found that at phonation with the modal voice a change in the position of the laryngeal structures takes place in two different ways, whereas the larynx movements at falsetto remain the same. It has been suggested that a complex fixation apparatus participates in the phonation larynx movements. Of the same complex character are also the problems connected with the examination of the entire vocal apparatus. For the purpose of compiling the present pieces of knowledge in the field of human voice studies, we have made the most advantageous use of the presently most complex system Authorware for the production of some interactive multimedial programmes on personal computers.

• MeSH
• fonace fyziologie   MeSH
• hlas fyziologie   MeSH
• larynx diagnostické zobrazování   fyziologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• počítačová grafika MeSH
• radiografie MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

We studied the effect occurring in close proximity before the phonation start and give an account of the microdramas taking place upon the glottis immediately before the phonation start in a group of individuals suffering from balbuties (60 children and adolescents from 9 to 14 years of age) and an equally large control group suffering from no such speech defect. In the group of children and adolescents with balbuties only less than 4% of the cases showed undisturbed regular phonation starts, whereas in the control group it was almost as much as 90%.

• MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• fonace fyziologie   MeSH
• glottis patofyziologie   MeSH
• hlasové řasy patofyziologie   MeSH
• koktavost patofyziologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• poruchy artikulace patofyziologie   MeSH
• zvuková spektrografie MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

• MeSH
• fonace fyziologie   MeSH
• fonetika MeSH
• hlasové řasy fyziologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• počítačové zpracování signálu přístrojové vybavení   MeSH
• zvuková spektrografie přístrojové vybavení   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

In this tribute article to D.G. Miller, we review some historical and recent contributions to understanding the myoelastic-aerodynamic (MEAD) theory of phonation and the related acoustic phenomena in subglottal and vocal tract. At the time of the formulation of MEAD by van den Berg in late 1950s, it was assumed that vocal fold oscillations are self-sustained thanks to increased subglottal pressure pushing the glottis to open and decreased subglottal pressure allowing the glottis to close. In vivo measurements of subglottal pressures during phonation invalidated these assumptions, however, and showed that at low fundamental frequencies subglottal pressure rather tends to reach a maximum value at the beginning of glottal closure and then exhibits damped oscillations. These events can be interpreted as transient acoustic resonance phenomena in the subglottal tract that are triggered by glottal closure. They are analogous to the transient acoustic phenomena seen in the vocal tract. Rather than subglottal pressure oscillations, a more efficient mechanism of transfer of aerodynamic energy to the vocal fold vibrations has been identified in the vertical phase differences (mucosal waves) making the glottal shape more convergent during glottis opening than during glottis closing. Along with other discoveries, these findings form the basis of our current understanding of MEAD.

• Klíčová slova
• Myoelastic-aerodynamic theory of phonation, Subglottal resonances Vocal tract resonances, Voice production Vocal fold vibration,
• MeSH
• akustika MeSH
• biomechanika MeSH
• fonace * MeSH
• glottis * MeSH
• hlasové řasy MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• vibrace MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

OBJECTIVES: Resonance tube phonation with tube end in water is a voice therapy method in which the patient phonates through a glass tube, keeping the free end of the tube submerged in water, creating bubbles. The purpose of this experimental study was to determine flow-pressure relationship, flow thresholds between bubble types, and bubble frequency as a function of flow and back volume. METHODS: A flow-driven vocal tract simulator was used for recording the back pressure produced by resonance tubes with inner diameters of 8 and 9 mm submerged at water depths of 0-7 cm. Visual inspection of bubble types through video recording was also performed. RESULTS: The static back pressure was largely determined by the water depth. The narrower tube provided a slightly higher back pressure for a given flow and depth. The amplitude of the pressure oscillations increased with flow and depth. Depending on flow, the bubbles were emitted from the tube in three distinct types with increasing flow: one by one, pairwise, and in a chaotic manner. The bubble frequency was slightly higher for the narrower tube. An increase in back volume led to a decrease in bubble frequency. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides data on the physical properties of resonance tube phonation with the tube end in water. This information will be useful in future research when looking into the possible effects of this type of voice training.

• Klíčová slova
• Back pressure, Resonance tube phonation in water, Tube diameter, Voice therapy, Water depth,
• MeSH
• fonace * MeSH
• hlasový trénink * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• řečová terapie přístrojové vybavení   MeSH
• tlak MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to estimate vocal loading in loud phonation of a vowel and two widely used semiocclusion voice exercises (SOVTEs). Impact stress (IS) was estimated from glottal closing speed, inertial forces from the second derivative of glottal opening and closing. STUDY DESIGN: Experimental study in vivo. METHODS: A vocally healthy male sustained the [o:] vowel with habitual loudness and loudly: (1) without a tube, (2) into a silicone "Lax Vox" type tube (35 cm in length, 10 mm in diameter) outer end submerged 10 cm in water, and (3) into a straw (length 12.6 cm, diameter 2.5 mm) the outer end in air. He tried to use equal effort in all loud samples. High-speed video-laryngo-endoscopy was performed with a rigid scope. Oral air pressure (Poral) was registered in a mouthpiece through which the endoscope was inserted into the larynx and to which the tubes were attached air-tightly. RESULTS: Compared with vowel phonation at habitual loudness, mean of maximal glottal width (max GW) increased by 44.1% for loud tube phonation and decreased by 1.8% for loud straw phonation, and mean absolute value of minimum GW time derivative dmin increased by 57.1% for tube and by 29.5% for straw suggesting faster glottal closing. Compared with loud vowel phonation, max GW increased by 22.6% for loud tube phonation, while it decreased by 16.6% for loud straw phonation. For the tube, dmindecreased by 7.6% and for the straw by 23.8%. Maximal acceleration (ACC) and deceleration (DC) values were larger for the tube and smaller for the straw than the values for both vowel phonations. CONCLUSIONS: IS, deduced from dmin, increased in loud SOVTEs compared to vowel phonation at a conversational loudness, but remained lower in loud SOVTEs than in loud vowel phonation, particularly with a narrow straw, which also reduced inertial forces, as suggested by the reduced ACC and DC.

• Klíčová slova
• Biomechanical loading, High-speed videoendoscopy, Phonation into a tube, Vocal fatigue,
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative condition with constantly increasing prevalence rates, affecting strongly life quality in terms of neuromotor and cognitive performance. PD symptoms include voice and speech alterations, known as hypokinetic dysarthria (HD). Unstable phonation is one of the manifestations of HD. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is a rehabilitative treatment thathas been shown to improve some motor and non-motor symptoms of persons with PD (PwP). This study analyzed the phonation functional behavior of 18 participants (13 males, 5 females) with PD diagnosis before (one pre-stimulus) and after (four post-stimulus) evaluation sessions of rTMS treatment, to assess the extent of changes in their phonation stability. Participants were randomized 1:1 to receive either rTMS or sham stimulation. Voice recordings of a sustained vowel [a:] taken immediately before and after the treatment, and at follow-up evaluation sessions (immediately after, at six, ten, and fourteen weeks after the baseline assessment) were processed by inverse filtering to estimate a biomechanical correlate of vocal fold tension. This estimate was further band-pass filtered into EEG-related frequency bands. Log-likelihood ratios (LLRs) between pre- and post-stimulus amplitude distributions of each frequency band showed significant differences in five cases actively stimulated. Seven cases submitted to the sham protocol did not show relevant improvements in phonation instability. Conversely, four active cases did not show phonation improvements, whereas two sham cases did. The study provides early preliminary insights into the capability of phonation quality assessment by monitoring neuromechanical activity from acoustic signals in frequency bands aligned with EEG ones.

• Klíčová slova
• Parkinson’s disease, acoustical EEG activity monitoring, functional quality assessment of phonation, repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation,
• MeSH
• dysartrie MeSH
• elektroencefalografie MeSH
• fonace MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Parkinsonova nemoc * MeSH
• pilotní projekty MeSH
• transkraniální magnetická stimulace metody   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• randomizované kontrolované studie MeSH

INTRODUCTION: Vibratory positive expiratory pressure (PEP) devices are now commonly used as a resource for voice therapy. PEP devices promote improved vocal economy with the added benefit of producing a massage effect in the vocal tract. Although the benefits of PEP devices for voice have already been demonstrated, their impact on the vocal source is still not very clear. This study assesses the impact of phonation into the Acapella Choice (a type of PEP device) on the voice. METHODS: Three normophonic subjects underwent high-speed videoendoscopy assessment while pressure, flow and electroglottographic data was collected. RESULTS: Phonation into the Acapella device produces large changes in the pressure and flow profiles consequently affecting the voice source. In specific, when intraoral pressure increases as a consequence of the downward movement of the rocker arm in the Acapella device (reduction of the airflow outlet), phonation is hindered, demonstrated by the lower amplitude of vibration of the vocal folds and weaker modulation of the pressure and flow values by the glottal cycle. When the rocker arm in the Acapella device opens (increasing the airflow outlet), the opposite trend is observed where vocal fold vibration is aided and the modulation of pressure and flow by the vocal cycle increases. Based on the pressure and flow signals, we can assume that the impedance of the vocal tract alternates between two dominant regimes: increased inertive reactance (aided vibration) and increased resistance (hindered vibration). CONCLUSIONS: PEP devices, such as the Acapella device, are efficient in modulating the pressure and flow profiles in the vocal tract leading to the alternation of glottal vibration from aided to hindered. These changes in the glottal vibration can be considered an additional consequence of the massage effect caused by the Acapella device.

• Klíčová slova
• Acapella, Positive expiratory pressure, Semioccluded vocal tract exercises, Shaker, Tube phonation, Voice therapy,
• MeSH
• audiovizuální záznam * MeSH
• biomechanika MeSH
• časové faktory MeSH
• design vybavení * MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• elektrodiagnostika přístrojové vybavení   MeSH
• fonace * MeSH
• glottis * fyziologie   MeSH
• hlasové řasy fyziologie   MeSH
• hlasový trénink * MeSH
• kvalita hlasu * MeSH
• laryngoskopie přístrojové vybavení   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• tlak * MeSH
• ventilace umělá s výdechovým přetlakem přístrojové vybavení   MeSH
• vibrace * MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

• MeSH
• fonace fyziologie   MeSH
• larynx fyziologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH