The aim of this paper is to introduce the issue of post-traumatic stress disorder after childbirth to health care professionals. The text focuses on the diagnostic definition of post-traumatic stress disorder after childbirth, symptoms, physiological background, prevalence, course, risk factors and consequences of post-traumatic stress disorder after childbirth for a woman, her child and her partner. Options for interventions and therapy are outlined as well.

• Klíčová slova
• debriefing, postnatal depression, posttraumatic stress disorder after childbirth, risk factors, therapy.,
• MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• poporodní deprese diagnóza   epidemiologie   psychologie   MeSH
• porod psychologie   MeSH
• posttraumatická stresová porucha diagnóza   epidemiologie   psychologie   terapie   MeSH
• průřezové studie MeSH
• rizikové faktory MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• vedení porodu psychologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH

War refugees and veterans have been known to frequently develop neuropsychiatric conditions including depression, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and anxiety disorders that tend to leave a long-lasting scar and impact their emotional response system. The shear stress, trauma, and mental breakdown from overnight displacement, family separation, and killing of friends and families cannot be described enough. Victims often require years of mental health support as they struggle with sleep difficulties, recurring memories, anxiety, grief, and anger. Everyone develops their coping mechanism which can involve dependence and long-term addiction to alcohol, drugs, violence, or gambling. The high prevalence of mental health disorders during and after the war indicates an undeniable necessity for screening those in need of treatment. For medical health professionals, it is crucial to identify such vulnerable groups who are prone to developing neuropsychiatric morbidities and associated risk factors. It is pivotal to develop and deploy effective and affordable multi-sectoral collaborative care models and therapy, which primarily depends upon family and primary care physicians in the conflict zones. Herein, we provide a brief overview regarding the identification and management of vulnerable populations, alongside discussing the challenges and possible solutions to the same.

• Klíčová slova
• PTSD, conflict, depression, neuropsychiatric effects, refugees, stigma, treatment,
• MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• ozbrojené konflikty psychologie   MeSH
• posttraumatická stresová porucha * epidemiologie   terapie   MeSH
• psychiatrie * MeSH
• uprchlíci * psychologie   MeSH
• veteráni váleční * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

BACKGROUND: Considering the recently growing number of potentially traumatic events in Europe, the European Psychiatric Association undertook a study to investigate clinicians' treatment choices for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). METHODS: The case-based analysis included 611 participants, who correctly classified the vignette as a case of PTSD, from Central/ Eastern Europe (CEE) (n = 279), Southern Europe (SE) (n = 92), Northern Europe (NE) (n = 92), and Western Europe (WE) (N = 148). RESULTS: About 82% woulduse antidepressants (sertraline being the most preferred one). Benzodiazepines and antipsychotics were significantly more frequently recommended by participants from CEE (33 and 4%, respectively), compared to participants from NE (11 and 0%) and SE (9% and 3%). About 52% of clinicians recommended trauma-focused cognitive behavior therapy and 35% psychoeducation, irrespective of their origin. In the latent class analysis, we identified four distinct "profiles" of clinicians. In Class 1 (N = 367), psychiatrists would less often recommend any antidepressants. In Class 2 (N = 51), clinicians would recommend trazodone and prolonged exposure therapy. In Class 3 (N = 65), they propose mirtazapine and eye movement desensitization reprocessing therapy. In Class 4 (N = 128), clinicians propose different types of medications and cognitive processing therapy. About 50.1% of participants in each region stated they do not adhere to recognized treatment guidelines. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians' decisions for PTSD are broadly similar among European psychiatrists, but regional differences suggest the need for more dialogue and education to harmonize practice across Europe and promote the use of guidelines.

• Klíčová slova
• Europe, PTSD, guidelines, mental health, psychiatry, psychopharmacology,
• MeSH
• antidepresiva terapeutické užití   MeSH
• kognitivně behaviorální terapie * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• posttraumatická stresová porucha * farmakoterapie   psychologie   MeSH
• psychiatři MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• kazuistiky MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Evropa MeSH
• Názvy látek
• antidepresiva MeSH

Ethical implications of laboratory-based experimental trauma research are not well studied. Female rape survivors (N = 62) and controls (N = 79) listened to an audio recording of a sexual assault and completed mental health measures and the Reactions to Research Participation Questionnaire-Revised in the first session and again several weeks later. In the first session, mental health symptoms were associated with stronger emotional reactions and personal benefits from participation. Rape survivors also reported stronger emotional reactions than controls, but also more personal benefits, more satisfaction, and fewer perceived drawbacks from participation. Several weeks later, both groups reported diminished posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms and rape survivors' reports of stronger emotional reactions and greater satisfaction with their participation remained significant. Benefit-cost ratios indicate positive responses to participation across groups and time. Findings suggest significant benefits to laboratory trauma research for participants.

• Klíčová slova
• behavioral social science research, informed consent, psychology, research ethics, research ethics committee/Institutional Review Board review,
• MeSH
• duševní zdraví MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• posttraumatická stresová porucha * MeSH
• přežívající MeSH
• výzkum MeSH
• znásilnění * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

The psychological consequences of trauma related to the Holocaust have been primarily studied in samples derived from Israel, North America, and Western Europe. Few studies have examined postcommunist countries in Central and Eastern Europe. The present study focused on three generations living in the Czech Republic and Slovakia after World War II (WWII): Holocaust survivors (71-95 years of age), their children (30-73 years of age), and their grandchildren (15-48 years of age). We compared scores on measures of posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS; the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist-Civilian Version) and posttraumatic growth (PTG; the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory) derived from three focal samples with scores from age-matched comparison participants. Higher PTSS scores emerged for Holocaust survivors in all generations, η2 P=.087 but only participants in the first generation reported higher PTG scores relative to the comparison group, with small effect sizes for the overall group differences, η2 P=.029 . These results are discussed in the historical and political context of postwar Czechoslovakia.

• MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• holocaust * psychologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• posttraumatická stresová porucha * psychologie   MeSH
• posttraumatický růst * MeSH
• přežívající psychologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH
• Slovenská republika MeSH

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a neuropsychological condition caused by exposure to chronic stressors and extreme trauma. In past decades, Colombia (South America) has experienced high levels of armed conflict, which created an environment of chronic stress, resulting in an increased incidence of PTSD in children. Limited research exists on the effects of PTSD on emotional memory functioning of these Colombian youth living in chronically stressful environments. In the present study, 23 PTSD affected youth and 26 controls were asked to recall items from a memorised word list, as well as remembering details from a short emotional story. Although no significant differences were found for word list memory, deficits for emotional story content were found in the PTSD youth, particularly for facts involving negative emotional details. The latter may suggest a deficit in executive functioning for the integration of emotionally laden stimuli, perhaps induced as a by-product of their traumatic experiences.

• Klíčová slova
• Emotional memory, PTSD, Trauma, Violence exposure, Youth,
• MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• emoce fyziologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• posttraumatická stresová porucha psychologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Kolumbie MeSH

BACKGROUND: The current war in Ukraine has affected the well-being of people worldwide. In order to understand how difficult the situation is, specific stressors associated with war need to be measured. In response, an inventory of war-related stressors including its short form, has been developed. METHODS: A list of potential war-related stressors was created, and the content validity of each item assessed. The list, along with other validated scales, was administered to a representative sample of the Slovak population (effective N = 1851). Exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, convergent validity analysis and network analysis were carried out to determine the optimal scale (long and short form) focused on war-related stressors. RESULTS: The full version of the scale consists of 21 items, further divided into three factors: society-related stressors, person-related stressors, and security-related stressors. The short version of the scale comprises nine items loaded onto one factor. These items cover concerns for one's safety and future, access to necessities, potential worsening of the economic situation, and the risk of conflict escalation, including a nuclear threat. The results of the network analysis indicate that concern about escalation and fear of an economic crisis play a central role. CONCLUSIONS: The scale attempts to encompass a wide spectrum of areas that are affected by war and its potential consequences on individuals who reside outside the conflict zone. Given the complexity of the issue, researchers are invited to modify the scale, tailoring it to specific cultural, geographical, and temporal contexts.

• Klíčová slova
• Mental health, Stressors, War, War-related stress,
• MeSH
• faktorová analýza statistická MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• posttraumatická stresová porucha * epidemiologie   MeSH
• průzkumy a dotazníky MeSH
• strach MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Ukrajina MeSH

(1) Background: A traumatic birth can lead to the development of childbirth-related posttraumatic stress symptoms or disorder (CB-PTS/D). Literature has identified the risk factors for developing CB-PTS/D within the first six months postpartum thoroughly. However, the impact of mode of birth on CB-PTS/D beyond 6 months postpartum is scarcely studied. (2) Methods: A systematic search of the literature was conducted in the databases PubMed, Embase and CINAHL and PRISMA guidelines were followed. Studies were included if they reported the impact of mode of birth on CB-PTS/D beyond 6 months postpartum. (3) Results: In total, 26 quantitative and 2 qualitative studies were included. In the quantitative studies the percentage of women with CB-PTS/D ranged from 0.7% to 42% (between six months and five years postpartum). Compared with vaginal birth, operative vaginal birth, and emergency caesarean section were associated with CB-PTS/D beyond 6 months postpartum. Qualitative studies revealed that some women were suffering from CB-PTS/D as long as 18 years after birth. (4) Conclusions: Long- term screening of women for PTSD in the postnatal period could be beneficial. More research is needed on models of care that help prevent CB-PTS/D, identifying women at risk and factors that maintain CB-PTS/D beyond 6 months postpartum.

• Klíčová slova
• childbirth, mode of birth, mothers, post-traumatic stress disorder, postpartum,
• MeSH
• císařský řez škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• poporodní období MeSH
• porod MeSH
• posttraumatická stresová porucha * etiologie   MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• vedení porodu * škodlivé účinky   metody   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• systematický přehled MeSH

Several neuroendocrine systems have been implicated in post-traumatic stress disorder, including the mesocortical and mesolimbic dopamine, the norepinephrine, the β-endorphin, the serotonin, and the oxytocin systems. The interaction between these different systems remains, however, largely unknown and a generally accepted unifying theory is thus far lacking. In this review, we suggest that galanergic suppression of dopaminergic neurons in the ventral tegmental may constitute the missing link in a post-traumatic feedback loop. In addition, we address the literature on the negative cross-antagonism in this brain region between the galanin 1 and μ-opioid receptors, which suggests that behavioural patterns which stimulate β-endorphin, a natural μ-opioid receptors ligand, secretion may provide novel avenues for the treatment and prevention of PTSD, as well as for recruitment, training, and leadership processes in high-stress/high-risk professions such as the military, first responders and the police.

• Klíčová slova
• Dopamine, Galanin, Glutamate, Locus coeruleus, Medial prefrontal cortex, Post-traumatic stress disorder, Ventral tegmental area,
• MeSH
• dopamin metabolismus   MeSH
• dopaminergní neurony metabolismus   MeSH
• galanin metabolismus   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• posttraumatická stresová porucha metabolismus   MeSH
• tegmentum mesencephali - area ventralis metabolismus   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• dopamin MeSH
• galanin MeSH

• Klíčová slova
• OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES *, VASCULAR DISEASES, PERIPHERAL/etiology and pathogenesis *, VIBRATIONS/injurious effects *,
• MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nemoci cév * MeSH
• nemoci z povolání * MeSH
• onemocnění periferních cév etiologie   MeSH
• posttraumatická stresová porucha * MeSH
• práce * MeSH
• vibrace škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH