On the Earth, protection from cosmic radiation is provided by the magnetosphere and the atmosphere, but the radiation exposure increases with increasing altitude. Aircrew and especially space crew members are therefore exposed to an increased level of ionising radiation. Dosimetry onboard aircraft and spacecraft is however complicated by the presence of neutrons and high linear energy transfer particles. Film and thermoluminescent dosimeters, routinely used for ground-based personnel, do not reliably cover the range of particle types and energies found in cosmic radiation. Further, the radiation field onboard aircraft and spacecraft is not constant; its intensity and composition change mainly with altitude, geomagnetic position and solar activity (marginally also with the aircraft/spacecraft type, number of people aboard, amount of fuel etc.). The European Union Council directive 96/29/Euroatom of 1996 specifies that aircrews that could receive dose of >1 mSv y(-1) must be evaluated. The dose evaluation is routinely performed by computer programs, e.g. CARI-6, EPCARD, SIEVERT, PCAire, JISCARD and AVIDOS. Such calculations should however be carefully verified and validated. Measurements of the radiation field in aircraft are thus of a great importance. A promising option is the long-term deployment of active detectors, e.g. silicon spectrometer Liulin, TEPC Hawk and pixel detector Timepix. Outside the Earth's protective atmosphere and magnetosphere, the environment is much harsher than at aviation altitudes. In addition to the exposure to high energetic ionising cosmic radiation, there are microgravity, lack of atmosphere, psychological and psychosocial components etc. The milieu is therefore very unfriendly for any living organism. In case of solar flares, exposures of spacecraft crews may even be lethal. In this paper, long-term measurements of the radiation environment onboard Czech aircraft performed with the Liulin since 2001, as well as measurements and simulations of dose rates on and outside the International Space Station were presented. The measured and simulated results are discussed in the context of health impact.

• MeSH
• atmosféra MeSH
• dávka záření * MeSH
• fantomy radiodiagnostické MeSH
• kosmická loď MeSH
• kosmické záření * MeSH
• kosmický let * MeSH
• letadla MeSH
• letecké a kosmické lékařství * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• lineární přenos energie MeSH
• neutrony MeSH
• pracovní expozice * MeSH
• radiační expozice * MeSH
• radiometrie přístrojové vybavení   metody   MeSH
• sluneční aktivita MeSH
• software MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

Consistent with the worldwide development of nuclear medicine, in the Czech Republic in 1987 to 1996 partly the spectrum of used radiopharmaceutical preparations and their ratio changed. In the majority of radiopharmaceutical preparations the mean administered activity increased by 20 to 80% and the range of activities administered in different departments diminished somewhat. Adherence to principles of radiation protection of patients is assisted by guidelines of administered activities of radiopharmaceutical preparations laid down in new regulations on radiation protection valid in the CR from the middle of 1997. The radiation burden associated with the majority of examinations in nuclear medicine expressed as the effective dose is comparable with the radiation burden of radiodiagnostic examinations, only after administration of preparations with 131I, 201Tl, 67Ga and 111In it is markedly higher. Based on knowledge of the effective dose it may be concluded that the lifetime extra risk of a fatal tumour due to administration of radiopharmaceutical preparations is by two to three orders lower than the lifetime risk of spontaneous development of fatal tumours. A special feature of radiation risk is its hypothetical character--it is frequently projected into the distant future of human life, contrary to immediate non-radiation risks of some medical procedures and risks in the living environment which frequently are higher. Any examination using ionising radiation can be made only if the expected health benefit for the patient is significantly greater than the radiation risk. Excessive fear of radiation risk should not lead to refusal of justified examinations with possible subsequent serious health damage for the patient.

• MeSH
• dávka záření MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• radiační ochrana MeSH
• radiofarmaka * MeSH
• rizikové faktory MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• anglický abstrakt MeSH
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH
• Názvy látek
• radiofarmaka * MeSH

The Working Group discussed to what extent exposure to radon is a public health risk. It reviewed data from epidemiological studies of the occupational exposure of miners and residential exposures, animal experiments and other relevant work. The Group confirmed radon to be a human carcinogen, and recommended that indoor situations where individual risks exceeded 10(-3) per year should always be considered severe, further risk reduction must be sought based on procedures such as the optimization and evaluation of available control techniques. The Group considered what guidance could be offered to national authorities, and whether risks from radon should be considered solely within the present radiation protection framework policies or be handled as a part of a more integrated framework of all environmental risks; a three-step management scheme was proposed. The Group then discussed the problem of risk communication as a part of assisting policy-makers to arrive at strategies best suited to their socioeconomic conditions. The report concludes with 22 recommendations.

• MeSH
• komunikace MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• monitorování životního prostředí MeSH
• radon škodlivé účinky   analýza   MeSH
• rizikové faktory MeSH
• socioekonomické faktory MeSH
• Světová zdravotnická organizace MeSH
• veřejné zdravotnictví * MeSH
• zdravotní politika MeSH
• zdravotní výchova MeSH
• znečištění vzduchu ve vnitřním prostředí škodlivé účinky   analýza   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• kongresy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• radon MeSH