The aim of this prospective clinical study was to compare the results of B-glucose estimations performed simultaneously on glucometer Advance (with Micro-draw strips) and Optium (G3 strips) by lay healthy volunteers under non-standardized conditions of everyday life, to assess the difficulties dealing with lay-handling of these systems and to demonstrate the possibilities of the software Glucobalance (Hypoguard) and PC-Link (Medisense/Abbott) for the analysis of selfmonitoring. In the course of 5 days, a total of 721 pairs of measurements were carried out on 10 pairs of glucometer Advance and Optium by 10 healthy volunteers aged 16-40 years. The data transfer of all values into computer from glucometer Advance using the Glucobalance software and from glucometer Optium using the PC-Link was carried out to determine the results. The correlation of B-glucose measured on the glucometer Advance and Optium was strong (r = 0.73). Glucometer Advance brings values about 0.21 +/- 0.06 mmol/l lower than glucometer Optium. The average difference found within each pairs of glucometers Advance - Optium varied. Nevertheless, these differences are acceptable for routine selfmonitoring. The handling of glucometer Advance is not difficult for lay persons. The Glucobalance software simplifies the result evaluation by each tested person. Even though there are some advantages in comparison with the PC-Link, it should be further developed.

• MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• krevní glukóza analýza   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• reagenční papírky MeSH
• selfmonitoring glykemie přístrojové vybavení   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• krevní glukóza MeSH
• reagenční papírky MeSH

• MeSH
• diabetes mellitus 1. typu krev   MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• krevní glukóza analýza   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• reagenční papírky * MeSH
• selfmonitoring glykemie * MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• srovnávací studie MeSH
• Názvy látek
• krevní glukóza MeSH
• reagenční papírky * MeSH

Alarms in continuous glucose monitoring systems (CGM) represent a very important feature enabling to patients with diabetes who use these systems to keep their blood glucose level in the target range and to avoid excursion to hypoglycemia or hyperglycemia. The possibility to warn the patient that the target range has been crossed means one of the main advantages of CGM over the selfmonitoring of blood glucose with personal glucometers, but also (so far) flash glucose monitoring systems. However, there is surprisingly few studies concerning specifically the relationship between the alarms settings and glucose control. Therefore, there are currently no recommendations nor guidelines for optimal settings of alarms in CGM. Limited number of studies suggest that the setting of the hypoglycemia alarm to a level higher than 4 mmol/L is associated with lower frequency and shorter duration of hypoglycemia, and may be temporarily increased to 6 mmol/L in patients with impaired hypoglycemia awareness.

• Klíčová slova
• CGM, alarms, diabetes, hyperglycemia, hypoglycemia, type 2 diabetes,
• MeSH
• diabetes mellitus 1. typu * komplikace   MeSH
• glykovaný hemoglobin MeSH
• hypoglykemie * komplikace   prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• hypoglykemika MeSH
• krevní glukóza MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• regulace glykemie MeSH
• selfmonitoring glykemie MeSH
• technologie MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• systematický přehled MeSH
• Názvy látek
• glykovaný hemoglobin MeSH
• hypoglykemika MeSH
• krevní glukóza MeSH

The authors tested the Czechoslovak analytical system for the self-control of diabetics involving diagnostic strips of melliPHAN reflo and the compensating glucometer Remat GU. For testing diagnostic strips and the glucometer from the first regular batch distributed to health institutions were used. The Czechoslovak system was compared with a similar system of Ames Co. and the enzymatic photometric method for glucose estimation. The Czechoslovak system is suitable for self-control of diabetics and provides satisfactory results in the range of blood sugar levels between 10 and 20 mmol/l. It overestimates results in the range of the reference interval and in the area of euglycaemia. The authors recommend to change the system of two-point calibration of the glucometer and to shift values of the calibration wedges in the direction towards the interval between 5 and 15 mmol/l.

• MeSH
• diabetes mellitus krev   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• selfmonitoring glykemie přístrojové vybavení   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• anglický abstrakt MeSH
• časopisecké články MeSH
• srovnávací studie MeSH

• MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nositelná elektronika trendy   MeSH
• selfmonitoring glykemie trendy   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

• MeSH
• krevní glukóza * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• selfmonitoring glykemie * MeSH
• studie proveditelnosti MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• dopisy MeSH
• komentáře MeSH
• Názvy látek
• krevní glukóza * MeSH

the work has been aimed to create an overview of available and used methods and ways to determine the concentration of glucose in body fluids, especially from a technical point of view. It also provides an overview of the clinical features of these methods. The survey found that today's market offers a large number of options and approaches to the issue. There are accurate reference laboratory methods, self-monitoring methods for measuring glucose levels using glucometers, or continuous methods for daily monitoring of blood glucose trends and for insulin pump control. However, it must not be forgotten that the development of full closure of feedback is still not complete today. Individual methods cannot always be compared with each other, precisely because of the focus and the use of these methods. Choosing the right method of blood glucose levels in the body measuring can help patients to manage their diabetes mellitus. The methods listed in the overview are divided in terms of measurement continuity and further according to the invasiveness of the method. Finally, the issues of accuracy in the detection of glycaemia variability and the possibility of further development of these methods are discussed, as it is clear from the survey that the development is focused mainly on continuous methods improving that get to the forefront and also on developing a biosensor that is purely non-invasive and continuous.

• Klíčová slova
• Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM), Glucose monitoring, Glucose selfmonitoring (SMBG), Glycemic control, Non-invasive measurement glucose,
• MeSH
• biosenzitivní techniky * MeSH
• diabetes mellitus 1. typu * MeSH
• glukosa MeSH
• hypoglykemika MeSH
• inzulin MeSH
• krevní glukóza MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• selfmonitoring glykemie metody   MeSH
• tělesné tekutiny * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• glukosa MeSH
• hypoglykemika MeSH
• inzulin MeSH
• krevní glukóza MeSH

A new parameter of metabolic control derived from the results of continuous blood glucose monitoring is time in range (TIR). According to current recommendations, in pregnant women with diabetes, this glycemic range is defined by values of 3.5 to 7.8 mmol/L, with the aim of keeping glycemia in this range as much time as possible, and at the same time reducing the time spent below its lower limit (< 3.5 mmol/L)). In pre-gestational type 1 diabetes, it is recommended to reach this TIR above 70% of the total measurement time including up to 4% of simultaneous time spent in hypoglycemia. In gestational (and pre-gestational type 2) diabetes, the recommended % of in-range times are not yet specified.

• Klíčová slova
• continuous monitoring glucose, gestational diabetes, glycemic control, time in range,
• MeSH
• diabetes mellitus * MeSH
• krevní glukóza MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• selfmonitoring glykemie * MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• krevní glukóza MeSH

BACKGROUND: The sensor of the Continuous Glucose Monitoring System (CGMS, Medtronic Minimed, Northridge, CA) is labeled to expire 6 months following its production and to measure the glucose concentration in interstitial fluid up to 3 days after insertion. The purpose of this study was to demonstrate potential possibilities of sensors when used beyond their expiry date. METHODS: Twenty sensors, each between 3 to 18 months after the expiry date, were assessed in a 7-day period after insertion. Twenty healthy volunteers 23.4 +/- 2.92 (mean +/- SD) years old were trained in handling the CGMS and the Hypoguard (Woodbridge, UK) Advance glucometer system to measure their capillary plasma glucose concentration 18 times a day. Sensor function was estimated according to the number of readings per day, the accuracy according to the mean absolute difference (MAD), and correlation coefficient (r) between glucometer and sensor resulting from paired values. RESULTS: Uninterrupted sensor function was found in 117 of 140 sensor-days (83.6%). A reduction of readings in 23 sensor-days (16.4%) was caused by user error (5 sensor-days, 3.6%), connecting cable (7 sensor-days, 5%), sensor failure (8 sensor-days, 5.7%), or uncertain factors (3 sensor-days, 2.1%). MAD was always < 28%, and r = 0.79. CONCLUSIONS: Neither the expiry date nor the 3-day period of use limits the reliable function of a CGMS sensor. Sensors were found to function as long as 18 months after the expiry date, mostly for at least 7 days. There were no serious local adverse reactions. Prolongation of shelflife label and insertion time appears to be reasonable. Further studies are in progress.

• MeSH
• časové faktory MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• extracelulární tekutina chemie   MeSH
• glukosa analýza   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• selfmonitoring glykemie přístrojové vybavení   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• glukosa MeSH

INTRODUCTION: An error grid compares measured versus reference glucose concentrations to assign clinical risk values to observed errors. Widely used error grids for blood glucose monitors (BGMs) have limited value because they do not also reflect clinical accuracy of continuous glucose monitors (CGMs). METHODS: Diabetes Technology Society (DTS) convened 89 international experts in glucose monitoring to (1) smooth the borders of the Surveillance Error Grid (SEG) zones and create a user-friendly tool-the DTS Error Grid; (2) define five risk zones of clinical point accuracy (A-E) to be identical for BGMs and CGMs; (3) determine a relationship between DTS Error Grid percent in Zone A and mean absolute relative difference (MARD) from analyzing 22 BGM and nine CGM accuracy studies; and (4) create trend risk categories (1-5) for CGM trend accuracy. RESULTS: The DTS Error Grid for point accuracy contains five risk zones (A-E) with straight-line borders that can be applied to both BGM and CGM accuracy data. In a data set combining point accuracy data from 18 BGMs, 2.6% of total data pairs equally moved from Zones A to B and vice versa (SEG compared with DTS Error Grid). For every 1% increase in percent data in Zone A, the MARD decreased by approximately 0.33%. We also created a DTS Trend Accuracy Matrix with five trend risk categories (1-5) for CGM-reported trend indicators compared with reference trends calculated from reference glucose. CONCLUSION: The DTS Error Grid combines contemporary clinician input regarding clinical point accuracy for BGMs and CGMs. The DTS Trend Accuracy Matrix assesses accuracy of CGM trend indicators.

• Klíčová slova
• accuracy, blood glucose, continuous glucose monitoring, error grid, glucose trend, surveillance,
• MeSH
• diabetes mellitus * krev   diagnóza   MeSH
• krevní glukóza * analýza   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• reprodukovatelnost výsledků MeSH
• selfmonitoring glykemie * přístrojové vybavení   normy   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• krevní glukóza * MeSH