The aim of our study was to determine whether patients with pulmonary tuberculosis may have subclinical forms of urogenital tuberculosis. Between 2011 and 2012, a prospective study was conducted. Basic demographic parameters were recorded and the following investigations were performed: direct bacilloscopy of sputum, evaluation of affected lung fields and presence of cavities on chest X-ray, Mantoux tuberculin skin test II, and interferon gamma release assay. Culture and molecular methods for Mycobacterium tuberculosis in urine were performed. In cases with a positive urine test, an ultrasound examination, computed tomography scan of the abdomen, and endoscopy of the urinary tract were performed. A total of 102 patients (75 men and 27 women) were included in the study, with a median age of 46.8 years. Subclinical forms of urogenital TB were detected in 7 patients; 5 by molecular methods, 1 by urine culture, and 1 with both methods The presence of subclinical forms of genitourinary TB was found in 4 patients without and 3 patients with findings on imaging methods corresponding to TB. A significant number of patients with pulmonary tuberculosis may simultaneously have subclinical forms of urogenital TB.

• Klíčová slova
• Pulmonary, Subclinical, Tuberculosis, Urine, Urogenital,
• MeSH
• asymptomatické infekce epidemiologie   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• incidence MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Mycobacterium tuberculosis izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• plicní tuberkulóza komplikace   diagnostické zobrazování   epidemiologie   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• prospektivní studie MeSH
• radiografie MeSH
• sputum mikrobiologie   MeSH
• test pomocí interferonu gama MeSH
• tuberkulinový test MeSH
• urogenitální tuberkulóza diagnóza   epidemiologie   mikrobiologie   moč   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Morphology of the urogenital system has evolved during fish speciation. Chondrostei (sturgeons and paddlefishes) possess an excretory system which is called "primitive" in that the sperm ducts enter the kidneys and share the excretory ducts where sperm is mixed with urine before it is released into the spawning environment. Further, in this group of fishes there are also physiological characteristics which are associated with these anatomical features where the mixing of sperm and urine is a prerequisite for the final sperm maturation rather than contamination. In the Holostei (gars and bowfins) which are closely related to the Chondrostei, sperm also naturally mixed with urine, but the physiological role of such mixing for sperm biology has not been described. In contrast, urinary and sperm ducts in the more evolved Teleostei are completely separate, and sperm and urine are not mixed before being released during spawning. Thus, urine constitutes an inappropriate environment which can be a source of problems when sperm is collected during fisheries practices. In this review, the consequences of such divergent conditions in the urogenital anatomy will be considered in relation to general features of fish sperm biology and in relation to aquaculture and fisheries practices.

• Klíčová slova
• Fish, Sperm maturation, Spermatozoa motility, Urine, Urogenital system,
• MeSH
• ryby anatomie a histologie   fyziologie   MeSH
• spermie fyziologie   MeSH
• urogenitální systém anatomie a histologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

• Klíčová slova
• TUBERCULOSIS, UROGENITAL *,
• MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• tuberkulóza * MeSH
• urogenitální systém * MeSH
• urogenitální tuberkulóza * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

• Klíčová slova
• TUBERCULOSIS, UROGENITAL *,
• MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• tuberkulóza * MeSH
• urogenitální systém * MeSH
• urogenitální tuberkulóza * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

• Klíčová slova
• TUBERCULOSIS, UROGENITAL/surgery *,
• MeSH
• tuberkulóza * MeSH
• urogenitální chirurgické výkony * MeSH
• urogenitální tuberkulóza chirurgie   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

The authors submit the case history of their patient presenting with chronic cystitis, consequence of an infestation with the fluke Schistosoma haematobium. They also present the most frequent morphological forms of urogenital schistosomiasis, its complications and the possibilities of pathological differential diagnosis, based on literary data (including information from electronic data bases) on the pathomorphology and, more particularly, the histopathology of urogenital schistosomiasis. Among the general histopathological changes we see lesions that correspond to an active chronic infection with a chiefly granulomatous reaction. Calcification, pseudotumorous polypoid formations, ulcerations, obliterating fibrous lesions, epithelial transformations such as hyperplasia, metaplasia and dysplasia follow later. These changes are followed at the various sites by diverse clinical and morphological complications-posthaemorrhagic anaemia, adhesions, serious obstructions of urogenital openings and its consequences and, finally, an increased risk of pavement-cell carcinoma of the bladder. For all the above-mentioned reasons we should include the possibility of urogenital schistosomiasis into the large group of clinical and pathological aspects of differential diagnosis, when considering the etiology and treatment of inflammatory and tumorous lesions of the urogenital tract.

• MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• schistosomiasis haematobia diagnóza   patologie   MeSH
• ženské urogenitální nemoci diagnóza   patologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• anglický abstrakt MeSH
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

• Klíčová slova
• TUBERCULOSIS, UROGENITAL/therapy *,
• MeSH
• tuberkulóza * MeSH
• urogenitální tuberkulóza terapie   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

• MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mnohočetné abnormality epidemiologie   MeSH
• retrospektivní studie MeSH
• urogenitální abnormality * MeSH
• zevní ucho abnormality   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Polsko MeSH

The prebiotics and probiotics market is constantly growing due to the positive effects of its consumption on human health, which extends beyond the digestive system. In addition, the synbiotic products market is also expanding due to the synergistic effects between pre- and probiotics that provide additional benefits to consumers. Pre- and probiotics are being evaluated for their effectiveness to treat and prevent infectious diseases in other parts of the human body where microbial communities exist. This review examines the scientific data related to the effects of pre- and probiotics on the treatment of diseases occurring in the skin, female urogenital tract, and respiratory tract. The evidence suggests that probiotics consumption can decrease the presence of eczema in children when their mothers have consumed probiotics during pregnancy and lactation. In women, probiotics consumption can effectively prevent recurrent urinary tract infections. The consumption of synbiotic products can reduce respiratory tract infections and their duration and severity. However, the outcomes of the meta-analyses are still limited and not sufficiently conclusive to support the use of probiotics to treat infectious diseases. This is largely a result of the limited number of studies, lack of standardization of the studies, and inconsistencies between the reported results. Therefore, it is advisable that future studies consider these shortcomings and include the evaluation of the combined use of pre- and probiotics.

• Klíčová slova
• Female urogenital system, Prebiotics, Probiotics, Respiratory tract, Skin,
• MeSH
• dýchací soustava účinky léků   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• kůže účinky léků   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• prebiotika aplikace a dávkování   MeSH
• probiotika aplikace a dávkování   MeSH
• urogenitální systém účinky léků   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• prebiotika MeSH

• Klíčová slova
• PLEURISY/complications *, TUBERCULOSIS, UROGENITAL/complications *,
• MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• pleurální výpotek * MeSH
• pleuritida komplikace   MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• tuberkulóza * MeSH
• urogenitální tuberkulóza komplikace   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH