OBJECTIVE: Mercury dental amalgam restorations are an important source of chronic exposure to mercury in the whole population and special attention should be paid not only to occupational exposure to mercury during the preparation and administration of amalgam. The authors' report is an up-to-date contribution to the health risk assessment of mercury use in dentistry, namely occupational exposure to mercury in dentists working with dental amalgam and exposure to mercury in persons treated with amalgam dental restorations. METHODS: Determination of total mercury in samples of biological material (urine, hair) was performed during 2017 and 2018 in 50 persons by the AAS method using the mercury vapour generation technique at 254.6 nm. RESULTS: Current dental exposures based on the most recent findings do not exceed acceptable risk levels and are below the biological limit of mercury in urine valid for occupationally exposed persons (100 μg.g-1 of creatinine), namely median value was 1.48 (min. < limit of detection (LOD), max. 17.14) μg.g-1 of creatinine (40 persons), total mercury content in hair of dental personnel expressed as median value was 0.340 (min. 0.060, max.1.628) μg.g-1. In controls (10 persons) was total mercury content in urine expressed as median value 0.36 (min. < LOD, max. 2.74) μg.g-1 of creatinine, in hair was median value 0.224 (min. 0.059, max. 0.453) μg.g-1. CONCLUSIONS: Authors support opinion that amalgam fillings in the oral cavity are a permanent source of mercury for the body itself.

• Klíčová slova
• biological monitoring, dental amalgam, exposure, health risks, mercury,
• MeSH
• hodnocení rizik MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• pracovní expozice škodlivé účinky   analýza   MeSH
• rtuť škodlivé účinky   analýza   moč   MeSH
• vlasy, chlupy chemie   MeSH
• vystavení vlivu životního prostředí škodlivé účinky   analýza   MeSH
• zubní amalgam škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• rtuť MeSH
• zubní amalgam MeSH

• MeSH
• hodnocení rizik * MeSH
• látky znečišťující životní prostředí toxicita   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• vystavení vlivu životního prostředí * MeSH
• vztah mezi dávkou a účinkem léčiva MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Spojené státy americké MeSH
• Názvy látek
• látky znečišťující životní prostředí MeSH

Human exposure to endocrine disrupters (EDs) is widespread and is considered to pose a growing threat to human health. Recent advances in molecular and genetic research and better understanding of mechanisms of blastic cell transformation have led to efforts to improve cancer risk assessment for populations exposed to this family of xenobiotics. In risk assessment, low dose extrapolation of cancer incidence data from both experimental animals and epidemiology studies has been largely based on models assuming linear correlation at low doses, despite existence of evidence showing otherwise. Another weakness of ED risk assessment is poor exposure data in ecological studies. Those are frequently rough estimates derived from contaminated items of local food basket surveys. Polyhalogenated hydrocarbons are treated as examples. There is growing sense of urgency to develop a biologically based dose response model of cancer risk, integrating emerging data from molecular biology and epidemiology to provide more realistic data for risk assessors, public, public health managers and environmental issues administrators.

• MeSH
• endokrinní systém účinky léků   MeSH
• hodnocení rizik trendy   MeSH
• karcinogeny životního prostředí škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nádory chemicky indukované   epidemiologie   MeSH
• vystavení vlivu životního prostředí MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• karcinogeny životního prostředí MeSH

Epidemiological evidence of lung cancer risk from radon is based mainly on studies of underground miners where occupational exposures were, historically, relatively high in comparison to residential indoor exposure. However, radiation protection measures have caused radon levels in uranium mines to decrease significantly in more recent periods. Miners' occupational exposure is limited to their working years while they are exposed to environmental radon at home over their entire lifetime. Even during their limited working years, workers spend much more time at home than in workplaces. The biological effect of radon in mines cannot be distinguished from the biological effect of residential radon. Therefore, for an exposure-risk relationship study of former uranium miners, excess radon-induced lung cancer cases should be related to the combined radon exposure cumulated in workplaces and at homes in excess of the radon exposure of the reference population. This is especially important when residential radon levels differ or vary significantly between miners and the reference population over the course of extended follow-up years. This paper reviews some recent studies on former uranium miners, shares what seems controversial to the author and wonders whether lifetime exposure at home to widely varying radon concentrations can actually impact the quality of exposure assessment, and hence impact the results of the exposure-risk relationship.

• Klíčová slova
• Exposure assessment, Radon-222, Risk assessment, Uranium miners,
• MeSH
• bydlení MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• hodnocení rizik MeSH
• hornictví * MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nádory vyvolané zářením epidemiologie   MeSH
• nemoci z povolání epidemiologie   MeSH
• pracovní expozice * MeSH
• radioaktivní látky znečišťující vzduch * MeSH
• radon * MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• uran * MeSH
• znečištění vzduchu ve vnitřním prostředí MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika epidemiologie   MeSH
• Francie epidemiologie   MeSH
• Názvy látek
• radioaktivní látky znečišťující vzduch * MeSH
• radon * MeSH
• uran * MeSH

The chemical burden on the environment and human population is increasing. Consequently, regulatory risk assessment must keep pace to manage, reduce, and prevent adverse impacts on human and environmental health associated with hazardous chemicals. Surveillance of chemicals of known, emerging, or potential future concern, entering the environment-food-human continuum is needed to document the reality of risks posed by chemicals on ecosystem and human health from a one health perspective, feed into early warning systems and support public policies for exposure mitigation provisions and safe and sustainable by design strategies. The use of less-conventional sampling strategies and integration of full-scan, high-resolution mass spectrometry and effect-directed analysis in environmental and human monitoring programmes have the potential to enhance the screening and identification of a wider range of chemicals of known, emerging or potential future concern. Here, we outline the key needs and recommendations identified within the European Partnership for Assessment of Risks from Chemicals (PARC) project for leveraging these innovative methodologies to support the development of next-generation chemical risk assessment.

• Klíčová slova
• Chemical exposure, Chemical risk assessment, Effect-based methods, Effect-directed analysis, High-resolution mass spectrometry, Sampling strategies,
• MeSH
• hmotnostní spektrometrie metody   MeSH
• hodnocení rizik metody   MeSH
• látky znečišťující životní prostředí analýza   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• monitorování životního prostředí * metody   normy   MeSH
• nebezpečné látky analýza   MeSH
• vystavení vlivu životního prostředí * analýza   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• látky znečišťující životní prostředí MeSH
• nebezpečné látky MeSH

Health risk assessment was used as the formal process to estimate the likelihood and magnitude of the health effects occurring in humans as a result of environmental and occupational exposure to polluting agents. This study was focused at estimating the human health risk of the general and working population living in the region polluted by arsenic for more than 40 years, from combustion of coal with high arsenic content in the power plant. The exposure to arsenic from inhalation was under investigation. A study period of 40 years (1973-1993) was chosen. The study period was defined taking into account, besides the availability of data, the temporal patterns of the technological processes and the trends over time of environmental concentrations. The results from the arsenic risk assessment study were used for the evaluation of the health risk for different population groups in the polluted areas and for different professions of workers exposed to As in a power plant. The results are applicable for the evaluation of risk in real conditions, for health surveillance and for remedial changes and a potential suggestion on technological improvement.

• MeSH
• časové faktory MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• elektrárny * MeSH
• epidemiologické monitorování MeSH
• hodnocení rizik MeSH
• inhalační expozice * MeSH
• látky znečišťující vzduch škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• monitorování životního prostředí MeSH
• nádory plic chemicky indukované   MeSH
• nemoci z povolání chemicky indukované   epidemiologie   MeSH
• otrava arsenem epidemiologie   MeSH
• sběr dat MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• vystavení vlivu životního prostředí * MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Slovenská republika epidemiologie   MeSH
• Názvy látek
• látky znečišťující vzduch MeSH

A human biomonitoring study was conducted to assess the exposure of Hungarian children aged 8-11 years to ten phthalate esters (PEs) and DINCH between 2017 and 2018. In addition to collecting urine samples from 262 participants, a questionnaire was completed by the parents or legal guardians to identify potential determinants of exposure. The highest geometric mean concentration was observed for MiBP, followed by MBP, cx- MEHP, OH-MEHP and MEP. Three out of the four DINCH metabolites were detected in more than 90% of the samples. The comparison of the urinary concentrations measured in this study with those observed in the DEMOCOPHES study revealed a significant decreasing trend in all PE metabolites investigated in both studies between 2011/2012 and 2017/2018. Different approaches were used to assess the health risks associated with the exposure to PEs and DINCH. Our results highlighted that the hazard index (HI) values were higher than 1 in 17.6% of the children when the human biomonitoring guidance values were applied. In contrast, less than 3% of the children had HI values exceeding 1 when other sources of reference values were used. By applying a safety factor of 10 for the risk assessment, 17.6-91.6% of the children were characterized by HI values higher than 0.1, indicating the need for risk reduction measures. Overall, DnBP, DiBP and DEHP were identified as the main drivers of the mixture risk. Although PEs and DINCH are ubiquitous contaminants, there are still inconsistencies and gaps in our understanding of the determinants of exposure. The results of the multivariate regression analysis showed significant associations between PE or DINCH metabolite concentrations and certain individual characteristics, use of personal care products, home and school environment and food and beverages consumption 24 h prior to sample collection.

• Klíčová slova
• Children, DINCH, Environmental health, Human biomonitoring, Phthalates, Risk assessment,
• MeSH
• biologický monitoring * MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• hodnocení rizik MeSH
• kyseliny ftalové * moč   MeSH
• látky znečišťující životní prostředí * moč   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• vystavení vlivu životního prostředí * analýza   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Maďarsko MeSH
• Názvy látek
• kyseliny ftalové * MeSH
• látky znečišťující životní prostředí * MeSH
• phthalic acid MeSH Prohlížeč

Environmental fate and exposure models are a powerful means to integrate information on chemicals, their partitioning and degradation behaviour, the environmental scenario and the emissions in order to compile a picture of chemical distribution and fluxes in the multimedia environment. A 1995 pioneering book, resulting from a series of workshops among model developers and users, reported the main advantages and identified needs for research in the field of multimedia fate models. Considerable efforts were devoted to their improvement in the past 25 years and many aspects were refined; notably the inclusion of nanomaterials among the modelled substances, the development of models at different spatial and temporal scales, the estimation of chemical properties and emission data, the incorporation of additional environmental media and processes, the integration of sensitivity and uncertainty analysis in the simulations. However, some challenging issues remain and require research efforts and attention: the need of methods to estimate partition coefficients for polar and ionizable chemical in the environment, a better description of bioavailability in different environments as well as the requirement of injecting more ecological realism in exposure predictions to account for the diversity of ecosystem structures and functions in risk assessment. Finally, to transfer new scientific developments into the realm of regulatory risk assessment, we propose the formation of expert groups that compare, discuss and recommend model modifications and updates and help develop practical tools for risk assessment.

• MeSH
• hodnocení rizik MeSH
• látky znečišťující životní prostředí analýza   MeSH
• monitorování životního prostředí metody   MeSH
• nejistota MeSH
• teoretické modely * MeSH
• vystavení vlivu životního prostředí analýza   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• látky znečišťující životní prostředí MeSH

Risk assessment of chemicals occurring in our diet is commonly performed for single chemicals without considering exposure to other chemicals. We performed a case study on risk assessment of combined dietary exposure to chemicals from different regulatory silos, i.e. pesticides (PPRs), persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and food additives (FAs). Chemicals were grouped into the cumulative assessment group (CAG) liver steatosis using a component-based approach. Based on literature, the CAG included 144 PPRs, 49 POPS and 7 FAs for which concentration data were available. For each silo, chronic combined dietary exposure was assessed for adults and children of nine European countries following the most commonly used exposure methodologies in Europe and by using a relative potency factor approach. For risk characterization, a Margin of Exposure (MOE) was calculated. To overarch the risk across silos, a normalised combined margin of exposure (nMOET) approach was proposed. This case study demonstrated that risk assessment of combined exposure to chemicals can be performed within regulatory silos. It also highlighted important differences in the conservatism of exposure scenarios, the derivation of point of departures and the subsequent acceptable MOEs between the silos. To overarch the risk despite these differences, a nMOET approach can be used.

• Klíčová slova
• Chemical mixtures, Cumulative risk assessment, Dietary exposure, Food additives, Margin of exposure, Persistent organic pollutants, Pesticides,
• MeSH
• dietární expozice * MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• hodnocení rizik MeSH
• látky znečišťující životní prostředí toxicita   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Evropa MeSH
• Názvy látek
• látky znečišťující životní prostředí MeSH

Beauvericin (BEA) is a cyclic hexadepsipeptide, which derives from Cordyceps cicadae. It is also produced by Fusarium species, which are parasitic to maize, wheat, rice and other important commodities. BEA increases ion permeability in biological membranes by forming a complex with essential cations, which may affect ionic homeostasis. Its ion-complexing capability allows BEA to transport alkaline earth metal and alkali metal ions across cell membranes. Importantly, increasing lines of evidence show that BEA has an anticancer effect and can be potentially used in cancer therapeutics. Normally, BEA performs the anticancer effect due to the induced cancer cell apoptosis via a reactive oxygen species-dependent pathway. Moreover, BEA increases the intracellular Ca2+ levels and subsequently regulates the activity of a series of signalling pathways including MAPK, JAK/STAT, and NF-κB, and finally causes cancer cell apoptosis. In vivo studies further show that BEA reduces tumour volumes and weights. BEA especially targets differentiated and invasive cancer types. Currently, the anticancer activity of BEA is a hot topic; however, there is no review article to discuss the anticancer activity of BEA. Therefore, in this review, we have mainly summarized the anticancer activity of BEA and thoroughly discussed its underlying mechanisms. In addition, the human exposure risk assessment of BEA is also discussed. We hope that this review will provide further information for understanding the anticancer mechanisms of BEA.

• Klíčová slova
• BEA, Beauvericin, anticancer, health risk, oxidative stress, signaling pathway.,
• MeSH
• antitumorózní látky farmakologie   toxicita   MeSH
• depsipeptidy farmakologie   toxicita   MeSH
• Fusarium chemie   MeSH
• hodnocení rizik MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mykotoxiny farmakologie   toxicita   MeSH
• vystavení vlivu životního prostředí škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• antitumorózní látky MeSH
• beauvericin MeSH Prohlížeč
• depsipeptidy MeSH
• mykotoxiny MeSH