AIM: Routine vaccination is one of the most important preventive methods which is responsible for the decreasing trend of morbidity and mortality of vaccine preventable infectious diseases, their complications and sequelae. The impact of vaccination on declining trend of these diseases is well known and confirmed by a large number of epidemiological studies. In the Czech Republic, there is high vaccination coverage in regards to most vaccine preventable diseases. However, during the last decade proportion of parents refusing routine vaccination of their children due to different factors is increasing. The presented study evaluates current situation in the Czech Republic and describes the most significant factors in parents decision making. METHODS: The study was conducted between 1 July 2013 and 31 March 2014 as a questionnaire based survey (cross-sectional study). The questionnaire was created with multiple choice answers. Questions were addressed to parents or legal representatives of children aged 0-18 years. Types of questions were divided into several subgroups. The study was performed in the Czech Republic in two different districts of Prague and Zlín. RESULTS: In the sample size (n=480) we detected 11 parents who refused vaccination of 11 children (2.29%). The most often refused vaccines in the prevalence study were hexavaccine (1st dose) and measles, mumps and rubella vaccine (1st dose). The hexavaccine includes tetanic anatoxin, diphtheric anatoxin, acellular pertussis vaccine, conjugate vaccine against Haemophilus influenzae b, inactivated polio vaccine, and recombinant vaccine against viral hepatitis B. The measles, mumps, rubella vaccine contains live attenuated viruses of measles, mumps, rubella. CONCLUSION: We observed increasing trend of routine vaccination refusal in children during the last ten years (compared to situation in the year 2004, p<0.001). The most important factors associated with this progression were distrust to vaccination, fear of some vaccine components and fear of adverse reactions.

• Klíčová slova
• children, parents, refusal of vaccination, routine vaccination, vaccine preventable disease,
• MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• kojenec MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• novorozenec MeSH
• odmítnutí terapie pacientem psychologie   MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• průřezové studie MeSH
• průzkumy a dotazníky MeSH
• rizikové faktory MeSH
• rodiče psychologie   MeSH
• vakcinace psychologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• kojenec MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• novorozenec MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH

OBJECTIVES: The paper is an analysis of the results of a five-year surveillance programme in the Czech Republic (1999-2003); it evaluates the efficacy of routine Hib vaccination that started in July 2001. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Morbidity due to Hib was explored in a surveillance programme, which since 2002 also included the investigation of Hib vaccine failure. Hib identification was carried out with standard methods, serotypes were verified using PCR, biotyping was carried out in all strains and in selected strains also multilocus sequential typing. RESULTS: In the years 1999-2003 invasive Hib disease presented mostly as meningitis, followed by epiglottitis. Mortality due to an invasive Hib disease was in the years 1999-2003 2.3 %. Among the Hib strains isolated in invasive disorders predominated the biotype I and the sequence type ST-6. CONCLUSIONS: Following the introduction of routine Hib vaccination in the Czech Republic there was an overall drop in morbidity due to Hib invasive disorders. This was most obvious in a decrease in the morbidity of Hib meningitis and in the vaccinated age group. Two years after the introduction of routine Hib vaccination morbidity dropped by 81 % in children aged 0 to 1 year. In higher age groups there was no change in the number of invasive Hib disease. Neither was there an increase in "non-b" haemophilus invasive disorders. Failure of Hib vaccination is a rare occurence.

• MeSH
• Haemophilus influenzae typu B * MeSH
• hemofilové infekce * MeSH
• incidence MeSH
• kojenec MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• vakcinace MeSH
• Check Tag
• kojenec MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH

Contraindications and requests for alternative vaccines can have important implications on vaccination coverage but population rates of contraindications and alternative vaccination occurring in routine immunisation programmes have not been reported. We investigated the rates of contraindications, the proportion of children who fail to complete regular vaccination, and the use of alternative vaccines within the compulsory immunisation of children in the Czech Republic. We conducted a retrospective review of medical records of all 5038 children born between 1 January 2000 and 31 December 2004 and registered in 24 primary paediatric practices. Contraindications against at least one vaccine were found in 291 (5.8%) children. Contraindications were most commonly reported for the DTP-Hib vaccine (263 children, 5.2%), and the most frequent type were central nervous system disorders (171 cases). Contraindications resulted in 181 (3.6%) of incomplete immunisations by at least 1 vaccine, with 80 children (1.6%) remaining unprotected. Alternative vaccines were administered to 935 (18.6%) children; of these, 271 were due to contraindication and 664 on parental request. The rates of contraindications, incomplete immunisations and alternative vaccine use more than tripled over the study period. This study suggests that within the routine immunisation programme, contraindications occur in approximately 6% of children, and many of these children remain incompletely vaccinated.

• MeSH
• chorobopisy MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• imunizace * MeSH
• kontraindikace MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• očkovací programy * MeSH
• odmítnutí účasti MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• souhlas rodiče MeSH
• surveillance populace MeSH
• vakcinace statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH

• MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• epidemický výskyt choroby prevence a kontrola   statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• Haemophilus influenzae typu B účinky léků   MeSH
• hemofilové infekce epidemiologie   prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• hemofilové vakcíny aplikace a dávkování   MeSH
• hodnocení rizik metody   MeSH
• hodnocení výsledků zdravotní péče * MeSH
• incidence MeSH
• kojenec MeSH
• kontrola infekčních nemocí metody   statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• novorozenec MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• rizikové faktory MeSH
• surveillance populace MeSH
• vakcinace statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• výsledek terapie MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• kojenec MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• novorozenec MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika epidemiologie   MeSH
• Názvy látek
• hemofilové vakcíny MeSH

BACKGROUND: In the Czech Republic, two-dose immunization against mumps achieves 98% coverage. The routine reporting detects mumps cases, clinical complications, and hospital admissions in unvaccinated but also in vaccinated individuals. Using surveillance data of patients with mumps we assessed the effectiveness of mumps vaccination on mumps clinical complications and hospitalization need. We also investigated the effect of the time since immunization. METHODS: We analysed data on incident mumps cases reported to the Czech national surveillance system in 2007-2012. Using a logistic regression model with adjustment for age, sex, year of onset, and the administrative region, the association between vaccination and the most frequent mumps complications and hospitalization was evaluated. The adjusted odds ratios (ORa) for mumps complications were compared between the vaccinated and non-vaccinated groups, reflecting the vaccine effectiveness (VEa) computed as VEa = (1-ORa) × 100. We estimated the risk of mumps complications by the time from vaccination. RESULTS: From total of 9663 mumps analysed cases 5600 (58%) occurred in males. The mean age at the disease onset was 17.3, median 16 years. Ninety percent of the study patients had no complications, while 1.6% developed meningitis, 0.2% encephalitis, and 0.6% pancreatitis. Mumps orchitis occurred in 659 (11.8%) male cases. In total, 1192 (12.3%) patients required hospitalization. Two doses of vaccine received by 81.8% cases significantly reduced the risk of hospitalization: ORa 0.29 (95% CI: 0.24, 0.35). Two doses showed statistically significant VEa 64% (95% CI: 46, 79) for meningitis, 93% (95% CI: 66, 98) for encephalitis in all cases, and 72% (95% CI: 64, 78) for orchitis in males. Vaccine effectiveness for orchitis declined from 81 to 74% and 56% in the most affected age groups 10-14, 15-19, and 20-24 years, respectively. Among 7850 two-dose recipients, the rate of complications rose from below 1 to 16% in categories up to 6 years and 24 and more years after the second dose, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates a significant preventive effect of two-dose vaccination against mumps complications (orchitis, meningitis, or encephalitis) and hospitalization for mumps. The risk of complications increases with time interval from vaccination. Teenagers and young adults were the most affected age groups.

• Klíčová slova
• Hospitalization, Mumps, Mumps complications, Orchitis, Surveillance, Vaccination,
• MeSH
• časové faktory MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• encefalitida epidemiologie   prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• hospitalizace statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• kojenec MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• meningitida epidemiologie   prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• novorozenec MeSH
• očkovací schéma MeSH
• orchitida epidemiologie   prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• příušnice komplikace   epidemiologie   prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• riziko MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• surveillance populace * MeSH
• vakcína proti příušnicím aplikace a dávkování   MeSH
• vakcinace statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• kojenec MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• novorozenec MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika epidemiologie   MeSH
• Názvy látek
• vakcína proti příušnicím MeSH

OBJECTIVES: Pregnant women are among the priority groups to receive influenza vaccines in the Czech Republic since 2011, data on vaccination coverage are not yet available. The aim of the study was to determine the influenza vaccination coverage (IVC) and provide source data for further activities. METHODS: A prospective observational study was performed in a large maternity hospital in Prague. The self-completed questionnaire was distributed to 5,475 pregnant women between September 1, 2020 and August 31, 2021. Questions included maternal sociodemographic characteristics, influenza vaccination status and sources of maternal vaccination recommendations during pregnancy. RESULTS: A total of 4,617 completed questionnaires have been analysed. The median age of study participants (N = 4,592) was 33 years (range: 18-51 years). The majority (69.7%) of women had completed their university education, most women were childless (58.5%) or had one child (32.5%) before the start of the study. Less than 2% of women reported being vaccinated against influenza during their pregnancy (1.5%; 95% CI, 1.1-1.9%). Only 21% of women knew that it's possible to get vaccinated against influenza during pregnancy. Participants considered influenza vaccination in pregnancy as important (3.3%), useful (41.1%) and useless (44.4%). Out of 959 pregnant women who had information about influenza vaccination during pregnancy, only 6.9% were vaccinated, while among those who did not have this information, 0.1% were vaccinated during pregnancy (p < 0.001). The most frequent source of information was Internet, then media and a general practitioner. CONCLUSIONS: The IVC during pregnancy in our study was extremely low. In order to improve IVC among pregnant women, it is necessary to increase awareness of recommendations and vaccination options among the public and professionals and incorporating vaccination recommendation in routine antenatal practice.

• Klíčová slova
• Health knowledge, Influenza, Pregnancy, Prevention, Vaccination,
• MeSH
• chřipka lidská * epidemiologie   prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• infekční komplikace v těhotenství * prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• porodnice MeSH
• průzkumy a dotazníky MeSH
• roční období MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• těhotné ženy MeSH
• vakcinace MeSH
• vakcíny proti chřipce * terapeutické užití   MeSH
• zdraví - znalosti, postoje, praxe MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• pozorovací studie MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika epidemiologie   MeSH
• Názvy látek
• vakcíny proti chřipce * MeSH

Vaccination against Neisseria meningitidis is not part of routine immunization schemes in any country; instead, targeted vaccination of groups at the highest risk is recommended during outbreaks and epidemics. After a long period of sporadic occurrence of meningococcal invasive disease, a new clone of Neisseria meningitidis C:2a:P1.2, ET-15/37, occurred in the Czech Republic, and caused local outbreaks in two neighbouring districts, Olomouc and Bruntal, in spring 1993. In Olomouc, a mass campaign was conducted during which 6191 students were vaccinated (5.6% of the total population of this locality and 96% of all students in the age group 15-19) within 2 weeks in June 1993. In Bruntal district, no such campaign was organized. In Olomouc, the incidence of invasive disease caused by Neisseria meningitidis C in the age group 10-24 decreased from 57 to 0 per 100,000 (P < 0.001) during the post-vaccination period (July 1993-August 1994), but no such decrease was observed in Bruntal. Although other factors can affect the frequency of disease, these results support the current recommendations of targeted vaccination in outbreaks of meningococcal disease.

• MeSH
• bakteriální vakcíny * MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• epidemický výskyt choroby * prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• incidence MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• meningokoková meningitida epidemiologie   prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• meningokokové vakcíny MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• Neisseria meningitidis izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• studenti MeSH
• vakcinace * MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• srovnávací studie MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika epidemiologie   MeSH
• Názvy látek
• bakteriální vakcíny * MeSH
• meningokokové vakcíny MeSH

Although rabies incidence has fallen sharply over the past decades in Europe, the disease is still present in Eastern Europe. Oral rabies immunization of wild animal rabies has been shown to be the most effective method for the control and elimination of rabies. All rabies vaccines used in Europe are modified live virus vaccines based on the Street Alabama Dufferin (SAD) strain isolated from a naturally-infected dog in 1935. Because of the potential safety risk of a live virus which could revert to virulence, the genetic composition of three commercial attenuated live rabies vaccines was investigated in two independent laboratories using next genome sequencing. This study is the first one reporting on the diversity of variants in oral rabies vaccines as well as the presence of a mix of at least two different variants in all tested batches. The results demonstrate the need for vaccine producers to use new robust methodologies in the context of their routine vaccine quality controls prior to market release.

• MeSH
• atenuované vakcíny * MeSH
• divoká zvířata * MeSH
• genetická variace MeSH
• genom virový MeSH
• nemoci zvířat prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• RNA virová MeSH
• vakcína proti vzteklině genetika   imunologie   MeSH
• vakcinace veterinární   MeSH
• virus vztekliny genetika   imunologie   MeSH
• vysoce účinné nukleotidové sekvenování MeSH
• vzteklina veterinární   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Evropa MeSH
• Názvy látek
• atenuované vakcíny * MeSH
• RNA virová MeSH
• vakcína proti vzteklině MeSH

Various meningococcal conjugate vaccines exist against serogroups A, C, W and Y. A new protein-based vaccine targeting serogroup B (MenB) is also now available. The potential of such vaccines to drive serogroup replacement is considered a possible public health concern when implementing nationwide routine immunization programmes. The aim of this work was to investigate if and how serogroup replacement may occur following widespread vaccination with a MenB vaccine that may protect against carriage. To that end, we built a dynamic transmission model with age and serogroup stratification, focusing on European settings where most invasive meningococcal disease (IMD) cases are caused by serogroups B and C. For illustration purposes, the model was employed in 2 such settings: UK (England and Wales) and Czech Republic. Preliminary model-based projections suggest that, under strong serogroup competition for colonization, vaccine-induced serogroup replacement may occur even with a relatively low vaccine efficacy against serogroup B carriage (e.g., 20%), with potential subsequent increase in serogroup C IMD. The magnitude and speed of the model-projected serogroup C IMD increase depend on the MenB vaccination strategy, vaccine efficacy against carriage and the extent of any potential cross-protection against other serogroups. These analyses are neither exhaustive nor definitive, and focused on simulating potential population-level trends in IMD post-vaccination, under certain assumptions. Due to present inherent limitations and uncertainties, this study has limited quantitative value and is best regarded as an explorative qualitative modeling approach, to complement and challenge the current status quo, and suggest areas where collecting additional data may be essential.

• Klíčová slova
• dynamic transmission model, invasive meningococcal disease, mathematical modeling, serogroup B meningococcal vaccine, serogroup replacement,
• MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• hromadná vakcinace MeSH
• kojenec MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• meningokoková meningitida mikrobiologie   prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• meningokokové vakcíny imunologie   MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• Neisseria meningitidis séroskupiny B imunologie   MeSH
• Neisseria meningitidis séroskupiny C imunologie   MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• protilátky bakteriální imunologie   MeSH
• teoretické modely MeSH
• vakcinace MeSH
• zkřížená ochrana imunologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• kojenec MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH
• Spojené království MeSH
• Názvy látek
• meningokokové vakcíny MeSH
• protilátky bakteriální MeSH

BACKGROUND: The introduction of the surveillance of invasive pneumococcal diseases (IPD) in 2007 has helped to monitor changes in serotype occurrence in the Czech population and assess the impact of routine immunisation against IPD on the child population under 5 years of age. METHODS: Observational study of childhood IPD in the Czech Republic based on the state public health surveillance data comparing pre-immunisation (2007-2008) and post-immunisation (2012-2013) periods. RESULTS: In the child population there was an overall decline in IPD occurrence of 46.6% (95% CI 63.4-21.9) observed during the post-immunisation period. There was even greater decrease of 71.6% (95% CI 50.4-83.8) in vaccinated children. In the post-immunisation period, Prevenar 13 (PCV13) and Synflorix (PCV10) contributed to a vaccine-type IPD reduction of 95.4% (95% CI 67.0-99.4) and 76.9% (95% CI 36.0-91.7), respectively, compared to unimmunised children. The occurrence of 10 serotypes contained in both commercial vaccines also decreased in unvaccinated children by 61.4% (95% CI 14.5-82.6). However, a rise in the risk of non-vaccine and unspecified serotype acquisition by up to 153% was revealed in unimmunised children when comparing post-immunisation and pre-immunisation periods. CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest a shift in IPD caused either by vaccine or non-vaccine serotypes between immunised and unimmunised populations of children, which could result in increased incidence of IPD caused by non-vaccine serotypes. Therefore, routine immunisation using only one vaccine with broader serotype coverage together with a higher vaccination rate could raise hopes of further decrease in IPD in the child population.

• Klíčová slova
• invasive pneumococcal disease, pneumococcal conjugate vaccines, vaccine and non-vaccine serotypes,
• MeSH
• incidence MeSH
• kojenec MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• novorozenec MeSH
• ochrana veřejného zdraví MeSH
• pneumokokové infekce epidemiologie   prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• pneumokokové vakcíny aplikace a dávkování   MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• Check Tag
• kojenec MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• novorozenec MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• pozorovací studie MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika epidemiologie   MeSH
• Názvy látek
• 13-valent pneumococcal vaccine MeSH Prohlížeč
• PHiD-CV vaccine MeSH Prohlížeč
• pneumokokové vakcíny MeSH