The ability to predict the success or failure of smoking cessation efforts will be useful for clinical practice. Stress response is regulated by two primary neuroendocrine systems. Salivary cortisol has been used as a marker for the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenocortical axis and salivary alpha-amylase as a marker for the sympathetic adrenomedullary system. We studied 62 chronic smokers (34 women and 28 men with an average age of 45.2+/-12.9 years). The levels of salivary cortisol and salivary alpha-amylase were measured during the period of active smoking, and 6 weeks and 24 weeks after quitting. We analyzed the men separately from the women. The men who were unsuccessful in cessation showed significantly higher levels of salivary alpha-amylase over the entire course of the cessation attempt. Before stopping smoking, salivary cortisol levels were higher among the men who were unsuccessful in smoking cessation. After quitting, there were no differences between this group and the men who were successful in cessation. In women we found no differences between groups of successful and unsuccessful ex-smokers during cessation. In conclusions, increased levels of salivary alpha-amylase before and during smoking cessation may predict failure to quit in men. On the other hand, no advantage was found in predicting the failure to quit in women. The results of our study support previously described gender differences in smoking cessation.

• MeSH
• alfa-amylasy metabolismus   MeSH
• biologické markery metabolismus   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• hydrokortison metabolismus   MeSH
• kouření metabolismus   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• odvykání kouření * MeSH
• pohlavní dimorfismus * MeSH
• prediktivní hodnota testů MeSH
• sliny enzymologie   MeSH
• sympatický nervový systém metabolismus   MeSH
• terapie neúspěšná MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• srovnávací studie MeSH
• Názvy látek
• alfa-amylasy MeSH
• biologické markery MeSH
• hydrokortison MeSH

Total amylase activity in serum and urine is formed by pancreatic (P) and salivary (S) isoenzymes. The evaluation of isoamylases provides better information on enzyme changes during the disease than total activities alone. The resolution of pancreatic from extrapancreatic origin of hyperamylasemia may be clinically important. The experience obtained from the analysis of isoamylases in more than 1500 patients with different clinical diagnoses we compare with a contemporary knowledge of disturbances in amylase activities. We developed a method separating quantitatively both isoamylases on the mini-columns of ion-exchanger which we used in routine clinical investigation. In the first section we selected the findings on physiology and biochemistry of isoamylases. We described for the first time a significant decrease of P-isoamylase activity in serum during the intravenous infusions of hypertonic glucose, amino acids and during acute hypercalcaemia. We suggested that hypertonic glucose, amino acids and calcium may regulate directly or indirectly the amylase flux from acinar cells in the pancreas across basolateral membrane into blood. This endocrine secretion of amylase may be important in different clinical conditions in which changes of neurohumoral and/or hormonal regulation are developed. The isoamylase activities in patients with different diagnosis are analyzed in the clinical section. The results may be correctly evaluated only in connection with the pathogenesis of isoamylase changes. Disorders of the organs producing amylase (i.e. pancreas or salivary glands) may induce changes of isoamylases depending on their functional status. A progressive loss of amylase producing cells may be accompanied by a decrease of enzyme activity in serum as was described in chronic pancreatitis with exocrine insufficiency. However, the amylase activity in serum is significantly influenced by clearance mechanisms, too. Disorders of the liver or kidneys are accompanied predominantly with hyperamylasemia caused by the disturbed clearance mechanisms. The amylase activity in serum is a consequence of the result between input and output of the enzyme within the blood stream. Some humoral and hormonal regulations are able to modulate both processes in vivo. We suppose that pathogenetic standpoint has the main role for correct interpretation of isoamylase activities. The pathogenesis of hyperamylasemia is therefore discussed in single chapters. In conclusion, the isoamylase activities in serum and urine are influenced beside genetic background by many factors in health and disease which may be respected during the evaluation of the results.

• MeSH
• amylasy analýza   metabolismus   MeSH
• izoenzymy analýza   metabolismus   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nemoc enzymologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• amylasy MeSH
• izoenzymy MeSH

The authors examined the insulin, glucose, total protein concentrations and amylase activity in the saliva of normal (n = 7) and obese subjects (n = 14) before and after a meal. The variability of the values of the investigated parameters in different subjects is considerable. During repeated examinations of the same normal subjects after a prolonged time interval the responses under similar condition in saliva is 17.7 +/- 13.8 microU/ml, when the mean maximum in the 120th minute is 24.7 +/- +13.9 microU/ml. The glucose concentration is on average 2.1 +/- 1.3 mg/dl, total protein 279.5 +/- 53.2 mg/dl and the amylase activity 226 +/- 133 thousand U/l. In the dynamics of the investigated parameters in obese subjects the concentration of insulin and the other parameters are on average higher than the maximum insulin level in normal children, and in three obese children they were more than four or five times higher. The gradual progressive hypersecretion of insulin may thus imply a disposition for type II diabetes mellitus at a later age.

• MeSH
• amylasy metabolismus   MeSH
• časové faktory MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• glukosa metabolismus   MeSH
• inzulin metabolismus   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• obezita metabolismus   MeSH
• přijímání potravy MeSH
• slinné proteiny a peptidy metabolismus   MeSH
• sliny metabolismus   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• anglický abstrakt MeSH
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• amylasy MeSH
• glukosa MeSH
• inzulin MeSH
• slinné proteiny a peptidy MeSH

• MeSH
• amylasy metabolismus   MeSH
• nemoci slinných žláz enzymologie   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• amylasy MeSH

BACKGROUND: Sand fly saliva plays an important role in blood feeding and Leishmania transmission as it was shown to increase parasite virulence. On the other hand, immunity to salivary components impedes the establishment of infection. Therefore, it is most desirable to gain a deeper insight into the composition of saliva in sand fly species which serve as vectors of various forms of leishmaniases. In the present work, we focused on Phlebotomus (Adlerius) arabicus, which was recently shown to transmit Leishmania tropica, the causative agent of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Israel. RESULTS: A cDNA library from salivary glands of P. arabicus females was constructed and transcripts were sequenced and analyzed. The most abundant protein families identified were SP15-like proteins, ParSP25-like proteins, D7-related proteins, yellow-related proteins, PpSP32-like proteins, antigen 5-related proteins, and 34 kDa-like proteins. Sequences coding for apyrases, hyaluronidase and other putative secreted enzymes were also represented, including endonuclease, phospholipase, pyrophosphatase, amylase and trehalase. Mass spectrometry analysis confirmed the presence of 20 proteins predicted to be secreted in the salivary proteome. Humoral response of mice bitten by P. arabicus to salivary antigens was assessed and many salivary proteins were determined to be antigenic. CONCLUSION: This transcriptomic analysis of P. arabicus salivary glands is the first description of salivary proteins of a sand fly in the subgenus Adlerius. Proteomic analysis of P. arabicus salivary glands produced the most comprehensive account in a single sand fly species to date. Detailed information and phylogenetic relationships of the salivary proteins are provided, expanding the knowledge base of molecules that are likely important factors of sand fly-host and sand fly-Leishmania interactions. Enzymatic and immunological investigations further demonstrate the value of functional transcriptomics in advancing biological and epidemiological research that can impact leishmaniasis.

• MeSH
• antigeny genetika   imunologie   MeSH
• fylogeneze MeSH
• genová knihovna MeSH
• molekulární sekvence - údaje MeSH
• myši inbrední BALB C MeSH
• myši MeSH
• Phlebotomus genetika   imunologie   MeSH
• proteomika MeSH
• sekvence aminokyselin MeSH
• sekvenční analýza DNA MeSH
• sekvenční seřazení MeSH
• slinné proteiny a peptidy genetika   imunologie   MeSH
• slinné žlázy enzymologie   MeSH
• stanovení celkové genové exprese * MeSH
• výpočetní biologie MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• myši MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Research Support, N.I.H., Intramural MeSH
• Názvy látek
• antigeny MeSH
• slinné proteiny a peptidy MeSH

• MeSH
• amylasy biosyntéza   MeSH
• enzymová indukce MeSH
• játra enzymologie   MeSH
• králíci metabolismus   MeSH
• pankreas enzymologie   MeSH
• slinné žlázy enzymologie   MeSH
• svaly enzymologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• králíci metabolismus   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• anglický abstrakt MeSH
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• amylasy MeSH

• MeSH
• amylasy analýza   MeSH
• izoenzymy analýza   MeSH
• klinické enzymatické testy * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nemoci slinivky břišní diagnóza   MeSH
• nemoci slinných žláz diagnóza   MeSH
• plicní nemoci diagnóza   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• anglický abstrakt MeSH
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• amylasy MeSH
• izoenzymy MeSH

Representative species, two from each of the cockroach families Blattidae, Blattellidae, and Blaberidae, have similar morphology of the digestive tract but differ in the physiology of digestion. The pH of crop and along the midgut varies in different species from 5.9 to 9.0 and the redox parameter from 10.1 to 12.9. Activities of proteinases and amylases in comparable gut regions differ among the species up to 100 times. Proteolytic activity is high in the midgut and moderate in the crop of Blattidae; in the other species, it is very low in the crop and increases to a moderate level in the posterior half of midgut (PM). The level of amylolytic activity is similar in the examined gut compartments of Blattidae and Blattellidae but low in the PM of Blaberidae. Blaberidae are also characterized by a high potential of the salivary glands, crop, and midgut to inhibit subtilisin, trypsin, and chymotrypsin. Inhibition of these proteinases by the extracts of salivary glands and gut is several orders of magnitude lower and often undetectable in the representatives of Blattidae and Blattellidae.

• MeSH
• amylasy metabolismus   MeSH
• biologická evoluce * MeSH
• gastrointestinální trakt anatomie a histologie   enzymologie   MeSH
• inhibitory proteas metabolismus   MeSH
• koncentrace vodíkových iontů MeSH
• oxidace-redukce MeSH
• proteasy metabolismus   MeSH
• švábi anatomie a histologie   enzymologie   fyziologie   MeSH
• trávení fyziologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• srovnávací studie MeSH
• Názvy látek
• amylasy MeSH
• inhibitory proteas MeSH
• proteasy MeSH

The effect of adipokinetic hormone (Pyrap-AKH) in stimulating the function of insect salivary glands (SGs) in extra-oral digestive processes was studied in the firebug, Pyrrhocoris apterus L. (Heteroptera). The analyses were performed on samples of SGs and extracts of linden seeds, a natural source of the bug's food. The SGs from 3-day old P. apterus females (when the food ingestion culminates), primarily contained polygalacturonase (PG) enzyme activity, whereas the level of lipase, peptidase, amylase and α-glucosidase was negligible. The transcription of PG mRNA and enzymatic activity were significantly increased in SGs after Pyrap-AKH treatment. The piercing and sucking of linden seeds by the bugs stimulated the intrinsic enzymatic cocktail of seeds (lipase, peptidase, amylase, glucosidase), and moreover the activity of these enzymes was significantly enhanced when the seeds were fed on by the Pyrap-AKH treated bugs. Similarly, a significant increase in PG activity was recorded in linden seeds fed on by hormonally-treated bugs or when injected by SG extract from hormonally treated ones as compared to untreated controls. The mechanism of AKH action in SGs is unknown, but likely involves cAMP (and excludes cGMP) as a second messenger, since the content of this compound doubled in SGs after Pyrap-AKH treatment. This new and as yet undescribed function of AKH in SGs is compared with the effect of this hormone on digestive processes in the midgut elucidated earlier.

• Klíčová slova
• AKH, Digestive enzymes, Polygalacturonase, Salivary glands, cAMP,
• MeSH
• AMP cyklický metabolismus   MeSH
• guanosinmonofosfát cyklický metabolismus   MeSH
• Heteroptera fyziologie   MeSH
• hmyzí hormony fyziologie   MeSH
• kyselina pyrrolidonkarboxylová analogy a deriváty   MeSH
• modely u zvířat * MeSH
• oligopeptidy fyziologie   MeSH
• slinné žlázy enzymologie   MeSH
• trávení MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. MeSH
• Názvy látek
• adipokinetic hormone MeSH Prohlížeč
• AMP cyklický MeSH
• guanosinmonofosfát cyklický MeSH
• hmyzí hormony MeSH
• kyselina pyrrolidonkarboxylová MeSH
• oligopeptidy MeSH

• MeSH
• amylasy krev   MeSH
• citráty farmakologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nádory slinných žláz enzymologie   MeSH
• nemoci slinných žláz enzymologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• anglický abstrakt MeSH
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• amylasy MeSH
• citráty MeSH