Sepsis, newly defined as a life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated host response to infection, is the most common cause of death in ICUs and one of the principal causes of death worldwide. Although substantial progress has been made in the understanding of fundamental mechanisms of sepsis, translation of these advances into clinically effective therapies has been disappointing. Given the extreme complexity of sepsis pathogenesis, the paradigm "one disease, one drug" is obviously flawed and combinations of multiple targets that involve early immunomodulation and cellular protection are needed. In this context, the immune-reprogramming properties of cell-based therapy using mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) represent an emerging therapeutic strategy in sepsis and associated organ dysfunction. This article provides an update of the current knowledge regarding MSC in preclinical models of sepsis and sepsis-induced acute kidney injury. Recommendations for further translational research in this field are discussed.

1st Medical Department Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen Charles University Prague Czech Republic Experimental Intensive Care Unit Biomedical Centre Faculty of Medicine in Plzen Charles University Alej Svobody 1655 76 Plzen Czech Republic

Experimental Intensive Care Unit Biomedical Centre Faculty of Medicine in Plzen Charles University Alej Svobody 1655 76 Plzen Czech Republic

Experimental Intensive Care Unit Biomedical Centre Faculty of Medicine in Plzen Charles University Alej Svobody 1655 76 Plzen Czech Republic 3rd Department of Surgery University Hospital Motol and 1st Medical School Charles University Prague Czech Republic

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