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Systemic Inflammation in Midlife: Race, Socioeconomic Status, and Perceived Discrimination
I. Stepanikova, LB. Bateman, GR. Oates,
Language English Country Netherlands
Document type Journal Article, Observational Study
- MeSH
- White People psychology statistics & numerical data MeSH
- Biomarkers blood MeSH
- C-Reactive Protein analysis MeSH
- Black or African American psychology statistics & numerical data MeSH
- Discrimination, Psychological MeSH
- Health Status Disparities MeSH
- Adult MeSH
- E-Selectin blood MeSH
- Fibrinogen analysis MeSH
- Interleukin-6 blood MeSH
- Middle Aged MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Perception MeSH
- Cross-Sectional Studies MeSH
- Risk Factors MeSH
- Aged, 80 and over MeSH
- Aged MeSH
- Social Determinants of Health * MeSH
- Social Class * MeSH
- Inflammation blood epidemiology psychology MeSH
- Health Behavior MeSH
- Life Style MeSH
- Check Tag
- Adult MeSH
- Middle Aged MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Male MeSH
- Aged, 80 and over MeSH
- Aged MeSH
- Female MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Observational Study MeSH
INTRODUCTION: This study investigates social determinants of systemic inflammation, focusing on race, SES, and perceived discrimination. METHODS: Data on 884 white and 170 black participants were obtained from the Survey of Midlife in the U.S., a cross-sectional observational study combining survey measures, anthropometry, and biomarker assay. Data, collected in 2004-2009, were analyzed in 2016. Main outcome measures were fasting blood concentrations of C-reactive protein, interleukin 6, fibrinogen, and E-selectin. For each biomarker, series of multivariate linear regression models were estimated for the pooled sample and separately for blacks and whites. Full models included social determinants; psychological, lifestyle, and health factors; and demographic covariates. RESULTS: Bivariate analyses indicated higher concentrations of all inflammation markers among blacks compared with whites (p<0.001). In fully adjusted models using the pooled sample, racial differences persisted for interleukin 6 (p<0.001) and fibrinogen (p<0.01). For E-selectin and C-reactive protein, racial differences were explained after adjusting for covariates. Education was linked to lower fibrinogen concentration (p<0.05) in the fully adjusted model and C-reactive protein concentration (p<0.01) after adjusting for demographic factors and income. Lifetime perceived discrimination was related to higher concentrations of fibrinogen (p<0.05) in the fully adjusted model, and higher concentrations of E-selectin and interleukin 6 (p<0.05) after adjusting for socioeconomic status (SES) and demographic factors. CONCLUSIONS: This study clarifies the contributions of race, SES, and perceived discrimination to inflammation. It suggests that inflammation-reducing interventions should focus on blacks and individuals facing socioeconomic disadvantages, especially low education.
Department of Sociology University of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham Alabama
Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment Masaryk University Brno Czech Republic
References provided by Crossref.org
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- $a INTRODUCTION: This study investigates social determinants of systemic inflammation, focusing on race, SES, and perceived discrimination. METHODS: Data on 884 white and 170 black participants were obtained from the Survey of Midlife in the U.S., a cross-sectional observational study combining survey measures, anthropometry, and biomarker assay. Data, collected in 2004-2009, were analyzed in 2016. Main outcome measures were fasting blood concentrations of C-reactive protein, interleukin 6, fibrinogen, and E-selectin. For each biomarker, series of multivariate linear regression models were estimated for the pooled sample and separately for blacks and whites. Full models included social determinants; psychological, lifestyle, and health factors; and demographic covariates. RESULTS: Bivariate analyses indicated higher concentrations of all inflammation markers among blacks compared with whites (p<0.001). In fully adjusted models using the pooled sample, racial differences persisted for interleukin 6 (p<0.001) and fibrinogen (p<0.01). For E-selectin and C-reactive protein, racial differences were explained after adjusting for covariates. Education was linked to lower fibrinogen concentration (p<0.05) in the fully adjusted model and C-reactive protein concentration (p<0.01) after adjusting for demographic factors and income. Lifetime perceived discrimination was related to higher concentrations of fibrinogen (p<0.05) in the fully adjusted model, and higher concentrations of E-selectin and interleukin 6 (p<0.05) after adjusting for socioeconomic status (SES) and demographic factors. CONCLUSIONS: This study clarifies the contributions of race, SES, and perceived discrimination to inflammation. It suggests that inflammation-reducing interventions should focus on blacks and individuals facing socioeconomic disadvantages, especially low education.
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