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Cross-cultural validation and measurement invariance of anxiety and depression symptoms: A study of the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI) in 42 countries
GR. Quintana, FP. Ponce, JI. Escudero-Pastén, JF. Santibáñez-Palma, L. Nagy, M. Koós, SW. Kraus, Z. Demetrovics, MN. Potenza, R. Ballester-Arnal, D. Batthyány, S. Bergeron, J. Billieux, P. Briken, J. Burkauskas, G. Cárdenas-López, J. Carvalho, J....
Language English Country Netherlands
Document type Journal Article
- MeSH
- Depression * diagnosis MeSH
- Child MeSH
- Adult MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Surveys and Questionnaires MeSH
- Psychometrics MeSH
- Reproducibility of Results MeSH
- Cross-Cultural Comparison * MeSH
- Anxiety diagnosis MeSH
- Check Tag
- Child MeSH
- Adult MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Male MeSH
- Female MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
BACKGROUND: Depression and anxiety are among the most prevalent mental health issues experienced worldwide. However, whereas cross-cultural studies utilize psychometrically valid and reliable scales, fewer can meaningfully compare these conditions across different groups. To address this gap, the current study aimed to psychometrically assess the Brief Symptomatology Index (BSI) in 42 countries. METHODS: Using data from the International Sex Survey (N = 82,243; Mage = 32.39; SDage = 12.52; women: n = 46,874; 57 %), we examined the reliability of depression and anxiety symptom scores of the BSI-18, as well as evaluated evidence of construct, invariance, and criterion-related validity in predicting clinically relevant variables across countries, languages, genders, and sexual orientations. RESULTS: Results corroborated an invariant, two-factor structure across all groups tested, exhibiting excellent reliability estimates for both subscales. The 'caseness' criterion effectively discriminated among those at low and high risk of depression and anxiety, yielding differential effects on the clinical criteria examined. LIMITATIONS: The predictive validation was not made against a clinical diagnosis, and the full BSI-18 scale was not examined (excluding the somatization sub-dimension), limiting the validation scope of the BSI-18. Finally, the study was conducted online, mainly by advertisements through social media, ultimately skewing our sample towards women, younger, and highly educated populations. CONCLUSIONS: The results support that the BSI-12 is a valid and reliable assessment tool for assessing depression and anxiety symptoms across countries, languages, genders, and sexual orientations. Further, its caseness criterion can discriminate well between participants at high and low risk of depression and anxiety.
Center for Excessive Gambling Addiction Medicine Lausanne University Hospitals Lausanne Switzerland
Center on Alcohol Substance use Addictions University of New Mexico Albuquerque USA
Centre de recherche interdisciplinaire sur les problèmes conjugaux et les agressions sexuelles
Centre for Advanced Research Excellence in Public Health Savar Dhaka 1342 Bangladesh
Centre of Excellence in Responsible Gaming University of Gibraltar Gibraltar Gibraltar
Charles University 1st Faculty of Medicine Department of Addictology Prague Czech Republic
Charles University Faculty of Education Department of Psychology Prague Czech Republic
Chuncheon Addiction Management Center South Korea
College of Healthcare Sciences James Cook University Australia
Connecticut Council on Problem Gambling Wethersfield CT USA
Decentralized Big Data Team RIKEN Center for Advanced Intelligence Project Tokyo Japan
Département de psychologie Université de Montréal Montréal Canada
Département de Psychologie Université de Montréal Montréal Canada
Département de Psychologie Université du Québec à Trois Rivières Trois Rivières Canada
Department of Health Services Srinagar 190001 India
Department of Neuropsychiatry Graduate School of Medicine Kyoto University Kyoto Japan
Department of Personality Assessment and Psychological Treatments University of Valencia Spain
Department of Psychiatry All India Institute of Medical Sciences New Delhi 110029 India
Department of Psychiatry Hallym University Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital South Korea
Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science University of Trento Italy
Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Auckland University of Technology Auckland New Zealand
Department of Psychology College of Humanity and Social Science Fuzhou University China
Department of Psychology Humanities and Social Sciences University of Zagreb Croatia
Department of Psychology Shardha University India
Department of Psychology University of Nevada Las Vegas Las Vegas NV USA
Department of Psychology University of New Mexico Albuquerque USA
Department of Public Health and Informatics Jahangirnagar University Savar Dhaka 1342 Bangladesh
Departmento de Psicología Básica Clínica y Psicobiología University Jaume 1 of Castellón Spain
Doctoral School of Psychology ELTE Eötvös Loránd University Budapest Hungary
Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Universidad Privada del Norte Lima Peru
Facultad de Medicina Universidad Científica del Sur Lima Peru
Facultad de Psicología Universidad de Talca Chile
Faculty of Philosophy Ss Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje North Macedonia
Faculty of Philosophy University of Ss Cyril and Methodius in Trnava Slovakia
Florida State University Republic of Panama
General University Hospital Prague Department of Addictology Czech Republic
Grupo de Investigación Biomédica y de Patología Colombia
Health Promotion Research Centre University of Galway Ireland
Institute for Behavioural Addictions Sigmund Freud University Vienna Austria
Institute for Neural Computations University of California San Diego USA
Institute of Allied Health Sciences College of Medicine National Cheng Kung University Tainan Taiwan
Institute of Psychology Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski University Warsaw Poland
Institute of Psychology ELTE Eötvös Loránd University Budapest Hungary
Institute of Psychology Polish Academy of Sciences Poland
Institute of Psychology University of Lausanne Lausanne Switzerland
Lawson Health Research Institute London Canada
Leuven School For Mass Communication KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts North Macedonia
Nottingham Trent University United Kingdom
Public Health Institute Faculty of Health Liverpool John Moores University United Kingdom
SAMRC Unit on Risk and Resilience in Mental Disorders Stellenbosch University South Africa
School of Psychology University of Southampton United Kingdom
School of Social Work Faculty of Social Welfare and Health Sciences University of Haifa Israel
Sistema Nacional de Investigación SENACYT Panama
Universidad Pedagógca y Tecnológica de Colombia Colombia
Universidad Privada de Santa Cruz de la Sierra Bolivia
University of Baghdad College of Medicine Iraq
University of Warith Al anbya College of Medicine Karbala Iraq
References provided by Crossref.org
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- $a Quintana, Gonzalo R $u Departamento de Psicología y Filosofía, Facultad de Ciencias Sociales, Universidad de Tarapacá, Arica, Arica y Parinacota, Chile. Electronic address: gquintanaz@academicos.uta.cl
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- $a Cross-cultural validation and measurement invariance of anxiety and depression symptoms: A study of the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI) in 42 countries / $c GR. Quintana, FP. Ponce, JI. Escudero-Pastén, JF. Santibáñez-Palma, L. Nagy, M. Koós, SW. Kraus, Z. Demetrovics, MN. Potenza, R. Ballester-Arnal, D. Batthyány, S. Bergeron, J. Billieux, P. Briken, J. Burkauskas, G. Cárdenas-López, J. Carvalho, J. Castro-Calvo, L. Chen, G. Ciocca, O. Corazza, RI. Csako, DP. Fernandez, EF. Fernandez, H. Fujiwara, J. Fuss, R. Gabrhelík, A. Gewirtz-Meydan, B. Gjoneska, M. Gola, JB. Grubbs, HT. Hashim, MS. Islam, M. Ismail, MC. Jiménez-Martínez, T. Jurin, O. Kalina, V. Klein, A. Költő, CT. Lee, SK. Lee, K. Lewczuk, CY. Lin, C. Lochner, S. López-Alvarado, K. Lukavská, P. Mayta-Tristán, DJ. Miller, O. Orosová, G. Orosz, Sungkyunkwan University's research team NA, GC. Quintero Garzola, J. Ramos-Diaz, K. Rigaud, A. Rousseau, MT. Scanavino, MK. Schulmeyer, P. Sharan, M. Shibata, S. Shoib, V. Sigre-Leirós, L. Sniewski, O. Spasovski, V. Steibliene, DJ. Stein, BC. Ünsal, MP. Vaillancourt-Morel, MC. Van Hout, B. Bőthe
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