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Post-vaccination, post-infection and hybrid immunity against severe cases of COVID-19 and long COVID after infection with SARS-CoV-2 Omicron subvariants, Czechia, December 2021 to August 2023

M. Šmíd, T. Barusová, J. Jarkovský, O. Májek, T. Pavlík, L. Přibylová, J. Weinerová, M. Zajíček, J. Trnka

. 2024 ; 29 (35) : . [pub] -

Language English Country Sweden

Document type Journal Article

Persistent link   https://www.medvik.cz/link/bmc24019420

BackgroundCOVID-19 remains a major infectious disease with substantial implications for individual and public health including the risk of a post-infection syndrome, long COVID. The continuous changes in dominant variants of SARS-CoV-2 necessitate a careful study of the effect of preventative strategies.AimWe aimed to estimate the effectiveness of post-vaccination, post-infection and hybrid immunity against severe cases requiring oxygen support caused by infections with SARS-CoV-2 variants BA1/2 and BA4/5+, and against long COVID in the infected population and their changes over time.MethodsWe used a Cox regression analysis with time-varying covariates and calendar time and logistic regression applied to national-level data from Czechia from December 2021 until August 2023.ResultsRecently boosted vaccination, post-infection and hybrid immunity provide significant protection against a severe course of COVID-19, while unboosted vaccination more than 10 months ago has a negligible protective effect. The post-vaccination immunity against the BA1/2 or BA4/5+ variants, especially based on the original vaccine types, appears to wane rapidly compared with post-infection and hybrid immunity. Once infected, however, previous immunity plays only a small protective role against long COVID.ConclusionVaccination remains an effective preventative measure against a severe course of COVID-19 but its effectiveness wanes over time thus highlighting the importance of booster doses. Once infected, vaccines may have a small protective effect against the development of long COVID.

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$a Šmíd, Martin $u Centre for Modelling of Biological and Social Processes, Prague, Czechia $u All authors contributed equally to this work $u Department of Econometrics, Institute of Information Theory and Automation, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia $u Department of Probability and Mathematical Statistics, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
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$a BackgroundCOVID-19 remains a major infectious disease with substantial implications for individual and public health including the risk of a post-infection syndrome, long COVID. The continuous changes in dominant variants of SARS-CoV-2 necessitate a careful study of the effect of preventative strategies.AimWe aimed to estimate the effectiveness of post-vaccination, post-infection and hybrid immunity against severe cases requiring oxygen support caused by infections with SARS-CoV-2 variants BA1/2 and BA4/5+, and against long COVID in the infected population and their changes over time.MethodsWe used a Cox regression analysis with time-varying covariates and calendar time and logistic regression applied to national-level data from Czechia from December 2021 until August 2023.ResultsRecently boosted vaccination, post-infection and hybrid immunity provide significant protection against a severe course of COVID-19, while unboosted vaccination more than 10 months ago has a negligible protective effect. The post-vaccination immunity against the BA1/2 or BA4/5+ variants, especially based on the original vaccine types, appears to wane rapidly compared with post-infection and hybrid immunity. Once infected, however, previous immunity plays only a small protective role against long COVID.ConclusionVaccination remains an effective preventative measure against a severe course of COVID-19 but its effectiveness wanes over time thus highlighting the importance of booster doses. Once infected, vaccines may have a small protective effect against the development of long COVID.
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$a Barusová, Tamara $u All authors contributed equally to this work $u Institute of Biostatistics and Analyses, Ltd., Brno, Czechia
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$a Jarkovský, Jiří $u All authors contributed equally to this work $u Institute of Biostatistics and Analyses, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia $u Institute of Health Information and Statistics of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czechia
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$a Májek, Ondřej $u All authors contributed equally to this work $u Institute of Biostatistics and Analyses, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia $u Institute of Health Information and Statistics of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czechia
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$a Přibylová, Lenka $u All authors contributed equally to this work $u Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
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$a Weinerová, Josefína $u All authors contributed equally to this work $u School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, United Kingdom
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$a Zajíček, Milan $u Centre for Modelling of Biological and Social Processes, Prague, Czechia $u All authors contributed equally to this work $u Department of Econometrics, Institute of Information Theory and Automation, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
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$a Trnka, Jan $u Centre for Modelling of Biological and Social Processes, Prague, Czechia $u All authors contributed equally to this work $u Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
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