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Ocrelizumab in Early-Stage Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis: The Phase IIIb ENSEMBLE 4-Year, Single-Arm, Open-Label Trial
HP. Hartung, RHB. Benedict, T. Berger, RA. Bermel, B. Brochet, WM. Carroll, MS. Freedman, T. Holmøy, R. Karabudak, C. Nos, F. Patti, A. Perrin Ross, L. Vanopdenbosch, T. Vollmer, J. Wuerfel, S. Clinch, K. Kadner, T. Kuenzel, I. Kulyk, C. Raposo,...
Jazyk angličtina Země Spojené státy americké
Typ dokumentu časopisecké články, klinické zkoušky, fáze III, multicentrická studie
- MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- humanizované monoklonální protilátky * terapeutické užití škodlivé účinky aplikace a dávkování MeSH
- imunologické faktory * terapeutické užití škodlivé účinky aplikace a dávkování MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- magnetická rezonanční tomografie MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- posuzování pracovní neschopnosti MeSH
- progrese nemoci MeSH
- prospektivní studie MeSH
- relabující-remitující roztroušená skleróza * farmakoterapie diagnostické zobrazování MeSH
- výsledek terapie MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- klinické zkoušky, fáze III MeSH
- multicentrická studie MeSH
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Early treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS) reduces disease activity and the risk of long-term disease progression. Effectiveness of ocrelizumab is established in relapsing MS (RMS); however, data in early RMS are lacking. We evaluated the 4-year effectiveness and safety of ocrelizumab as a first-line therapy in treatment-naive patients with recently diagnosed relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS). METHODS: ENSEMBLE was a prospective, 4-year, international, multicenter, single-arm, open-label, phase IIIb study. Patients were treatment naive, aged 18-55 years, had early-stage RRMS with a disease duration ≤3 years, Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) score ≤3.5, and ≥1 clinically reported relapse(s) or ≥1 signs of brain inflammatory activity on MRI in the prior 12 months. Patients received IV ocrelizumab 600 mg every 24 weeks. Effectiveness endpoints over 192 weeks were proportion of patients with no evidence of disease activity (NEDA-3; defined as absence of relapses, 24-week confirmed disability progression [CDP], and MRI measures, with prespecified MRI rebaselining at week 8), 24-week/48-week CDP and 24-week confirmed disability improvement, annualized relapse rate (ARR), mean change in EDSS score from baseline, and safety. Cognitive status, patient-reported outcomes, and serum neurofilament light chain (NfL) were assessed. Descriptive analysis was performed on the intention-to-treat population. RESULTS: Baseline characteristics (N = 678) were consistent with early-stage RRMS (n = 539 patients, 64.6% female, age 40 years and younger; median age: 31.0 years; duration since: MS symptom onset 0.78 years, RRMS diagnosis 0.24 years; mean baseline EDSS score [SD] 1.71 [0.95]). At week 192, most of the patients had NEDA-3 (n = 394/593, 66.4%), 85.0% had no MRI activity, 90.9% had no relapses, and 81.8% had no 24-week CDP over the study duration. Adjusted ARR at week 192 was low (0.020, 95% CI 0.015-0.027). NfL levels were reduced to and remained within the healthy donor range, by week 48 and week 192, respectively. No new or unexpected safety signals were observed. DISCUSSION: Disease activity based on clinical and MRI measures was absent in most of the patients treated with ocrelizumab over 4 years in the ENSEMBLE study. Safety was consistent with the known profile of ocrelizumab. Although this single-arm study was limited by lack of a parallel group for comparison of outcome measures, the positive benefit-risk profile observed may provide confidence to adopt ocrelizumab as a first-line treatment in newly diagnosed patients with early RMS. CLASSIFICATION OF EVIDENCE: This study provides Class IV evidence that adult patients with early-stage MS who were treatment naive maintained low disease activity (NEDA-3) over 4 years with ocrelizumab treatment; no new safety signals were detected. TRIAL REGISTRATION INFORMATION: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier NCT03085810; first submitted March 16, 2017; first patient enrolled: March 27, 2017; available at clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03085810.
Brain and Mind Centre University of Sydney Australia
Centre d'Esclerosi Mútiple de Catalunya Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari Barcelona Spain
Department of Neurology Akershus University Hospital Lørenskog
Department of Neurology AZ Sint Jan Brugge Oostende Belgium
Department of Neurology Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine Ankara Turkey
Department of Neurology Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences University of Buffalo NY
Department of Neurology Palacky University Olomouc Czech Republic
Department of Neurology University of Colorado School of Medicine Aurora
Department of Neurology VU University Medical Centre Amsterdam the Netherlands
F Hoffmann La Roche Ltd Basel Switzerland
Institute of Clinical Medicine University of Oslo Norway
Medical Image Analysis Center Department of Biomedical Engineering University of Basel
Citace poskytuje Crossref.org
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- $a Hartung, Hans-Peter $u From the Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), UKD, Centre of Neurology and Neuropsychiatry and LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Brain and Mind Centre (H.-P.H.), University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), Palacky University Olomouc, Czech Republic; Department of Neurology (R.H.B.B.), Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Buffalo, NY; Department of Neurology (T.B.), Medical University of Vienna, Comprehensive Center for Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health, Austria; Mellen Center for MS (R.A.B.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Neurocentre Magendie INSERM (B.B.), Université de Bordeaux, France; Department of Neurology (W.M.C.), Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands; Department of Medicine and the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M.S.F.), University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (T.H.), Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog; Institute of Clinical Medicine (T.H.), University of Oslo, Norway; Department of Neurology (R.K.), Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey; Centre d'Esclerosi Mútiple de Catalunya (Cemcat) (C.N.), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies (F.P.), GF Ingrassia, Neuroscience Section and Multiple Sclerosis Centre, University of Catania PO Policlinico G Rodolico, Italy; Loyola University Chicago (A.P.R.), IL; Department of Neurology (L.V.), AZ Sint-Jan Brugge-Oostende, Belgium; Department of Neurology (T.V.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; Medical Image Analysis Center (MIAC AG) (J.W.), Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel; F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd (J.W., S.C., K.K., T.K., I.K., C.R., G.-A.T.), Basel, Switzerland; and Department of Neurology (J.K.), VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands $1 https://orcid.org/0000000206146989 $7 nlk20050167624
- 245 10
- $a Ocrelizumab in Early-Stage Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis: The Phase IIIb ENSEMBLE 4-Year, Single-Arm, Open-Label Trial / $c HP. Hartung, RHB. Benedict, T. Berger, RA. Bermel, B. Brochet, WM. Carroll, MS. Freedman, T. Holmøy, R. Karabudak, C. Nos, F. Patti, A. Perrin Ross, L. Vanopdenbosch, T. Vollmer, J. Wuerfel, S. Clinch, K. Kadner, T. Kuenzel, I. Kulyk, C. Raposo, GA. Thanei, J. Killestein
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- $a BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Early treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS) reduces disease activity and the risk of long-term disease progression. Effectiveness of ocrelizumab is established in relapsing MS (RMS); however, data in early RMS are lacking. We evaluated the 4-year effectiveness and safety of ocrelizumab as a first-line therapy in treatment-naive patients with recently diagnosed relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS). METHODS: ENSEMBLE was a prospective, 4-year, international, multicenter, single-arm, open-label, phase IIIb study. Patients were treatment naive, aged 18-55 years, had early-stage RRMS with a disease duration ≤3 years, Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) score ≤3.5, and ≥1 clinically reported relapse(s) or ≥1 signs of brain inflammatory activity on MRI in the prior 12 months. Patients received IV ocrelizumab 600 mg every 24 weeks. Effectiveness endpoints over 192 weeks were proportion of patients with no evidence of disease activity (NEDA-3; defined as absence of relapses, 24-week confirmed disability progression [CDP], and MRI measures, with prespecified MRI rebaselining at week 8), 24-week/48-week CDP and 24-week confirmed disability improvement, annualized relapse rate (ARR), mean change in EDSS score from baseline, and safety. Cognitive status, patient-reported outcomes, and serum neurofilament light chain (NfL) were assessed. Descriptive analysis was performed on the intention-to-treat population. RESULTS: Baseline characteristics (N = 678) were consistent with early-stage RRMS (n = 539 patients, 64.6% female, age 40 years and younger; median age: 31.0 years; duration since: MS symptom onset 0.78 years, RRMS diagnosis 0.24 years; mean baseline EDSS score [SD] 1.71 [0.95]). At week 192, most of the patients had NEDA-3 (n = 394/593, 66.4%), 85.0% had no MRI activity, 90.9% had no relapses, and 81.8% had no 24-week CDP over the study duration. Adjusted ARR at week 192 was low (0.020, 95% CI 0.015-0.027). NfL levels were reduced to and remained within the healthy donor range, by week 48 and week 192, respectively. No new or unexpected safety signals were observed. DISCUSSION: Disease activity based on clinical and MRI measures was absent in most of the patients treated with ocrelizumab over 4 years in the ENSEMBLE study. Safety was consistent with the known profile of ocrelizumab. Although this single-arm study was limited by lack of a parallel group for comparison of outcome measures, the positive benefit-risk profile observed may provide confidence to adopt ocrelizumab as a first-line treatment in newly diagnosed patients with early RMS. CLASSIFICATION OF EVIDENCE: This study provides Class IV evidence that adult patients with early-stage MS who were treatment naive maintained low disease activity (NEDA-3) over 4 years with ocrelizumab treatment; no new safety signals were detected. TRIAL REGISTRATION INFORMATION: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier NCT03085810; first submitted March 16, 2017; first patient enrolled: March 27, 2017; available at clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03085810.
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- $a Benedict, Ralph H B $u From the Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), UKD, Centre of Neurology and Neuropsychiatry and LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Brain and Mind Centre (H.-P.H.), University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), Palacky University Olomouc, Czech Republic; Department of Neurology (R.H.B.B.), Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Buffalo, NY; Department of Neurology (T.B.), Medical University of Vienna, Comprehensive Center for Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health, Austria; Mellen Center for MS (R.A.B.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Neurocentre Magendie INSERM (B.B.), Université de Bordeaux, France; Department of Neurology (W.M.C.), Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands; Department of Medicine and the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M.S.F.), University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (T.H.), Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog; Institute of Clinical Medicine (T.H.), University of Oslo, Norway; Department of Neurology (R.K.), Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey; Centre d'Esclerosi Mútiple de Catalunya (Cemcat) (C.N.), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies (F.P.), GF Ingrassia, Neuroscience Section and Multiple Sclerosis Centre, University of Catania PO Policlinico G Rodolico, Italy; Loyola University Chicago (A.P.R.), IL; Department of Neurology (L.V.), AZ Sint-Jan Brugge-Oostende, Belgium; Department of Neurology (T.V.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; Medical Image Analysis Center (MIAC AG) (J.W.), Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel; F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd (J.W., S.C., K.K., T.K., I.K., C.R., G.-A.T.), Basel, Switzerland; and Department of Neurology (J.K.), VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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- $a Berger, Thomas $u From the Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), UKD, Centre of Neurology and Neuropsychiatry and LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Brain and Mind Centre (H.-P.H.), University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), Palacky University Olomouc, Czech Republic; Department of Neurology (R.H.B.B.), Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Buffalo, NY; Department of Neurology (T.B.), Medical University of Vienna, Comprehensive Center for Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health, Austria; Mellen Center for MS (R.A.B.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Neurocentre Magendie INSERM (B.B.), Université de Bordeaux, France; Department of Neurology (W.M.C.), Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands; Department of Medicine and the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M.S.F.), University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (T.H.), Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog; Institute of Clinical Medicine (T.H.), University of Oslo, Norway; Department of Neurology (R.K.), Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey; Centre d'Esclerosi Mútiple de Catalunya (Cemcat) (C.N.), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies (F.P.), GF Ingrassia, Neuroscience Section and Multiple Sclerosis Centre, University of Catania PO Policlinico G Rodolico, Italy; Loyola University Chicago (A.P.R.), IL; Department of Neurology (L.V.), AZ Sint-Jan Brugge-Oostende, Belgium; Department of Neurology (T.V.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; Medical Image Analysis Center (MIAC AG) (J.W.), Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel; F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd (J.W., S.C., K.K., T.K., I.K., C.R., G.-A.T.), Basel, Switzerland; and Department of Neurology (J.K.), VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands $1 https://orcid.org/0000000156261144
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- $a Bermel, Robert A $u From the Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), UKD, Centre of Neurology and Neuropsychiatry and LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Brain and Mind Centre (H.-P.H.), University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), Palacky University Olomouc, Czech Republic; Department of Neurology (R.H.B.B.), Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Buffalo, NY; Department of Neurology (T.B.), Medical University of Vienna, Comprehensive Center for Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health, Austria; Mellen Center for MS (R.A.B.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Neurocentre Magendie INSERM (B.B.), Université de Bordeaux, France; Department of Neurology (W.M.C.), Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands; Department of Medicine and the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M.S.F.), University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (T.H.), Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog; Institute of Clinical Medicine (T.H.), University of Oslo, Norway; Department of Neurology (R.K.), Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey; Centre d'Esclerosi Mútiple de Catalunya (Cemcat) (C.N.), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies (F.P.), GF Ingrassia, Neuroscience Section and Multiple Sclerosis Centre, University of Catania PO Policlinico G Rodolico, Italy; Loyola University Chicago (A.P.R.), IL; Department of Neurology (L.V.), AZ Sint-Jan Brugge-Oostende, Belgium; Department of Neurology (T.V.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; Medical Image Analysis Center (MIAC AG) (J.W.), Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel; F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd (J.W., S.C., K.K., T.K., I.K., C.R., G.-A.T.), Basel, Switzerland; and Department of Neurology (J.K.), VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands $1 https://orcid.org/0000000323346883
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- $a Brochet, Bruno $u From the Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), UKD, Centre of Neurology and Neuropsychiatry and LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Brain and Mind Centre (H.-P.H.), University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), Palacky University Olomouc, Czech Republic; Department of Neurology (R.H.B.B.), Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Buffalo, NY; Department of Neurology (T.B.), Medical University of Vienna, Comprehensive Center for Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health, Austria; Mellen Center for MS (R.A.B.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Neurocentre Magendie INSERM (B.B.), Université de Bordeaux, France; Department of Neurology (W.M.C.), Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands; Department of Medicine and the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M.S.F.), University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (T.H.), Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog; Institute of Clinical Medicine (T.H.), University of Oslo, Norway; Department of Neurology (R.K.), Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey; Centre d'Esclerosi Mútiple de Catalunya (Cemcat) (C.N.), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies (F.P.), GF Ingrassia, Neuroscience Section and Multiple Sclerosis Centre, University of Catania PO Policlinico G Rodolico, Italy; Loyola University Chicago (A.P.R.), IL; Department of Neurology (L.V.), AZ Sint-Jan Brugge-Oostende, Belgium; Department of Neurology (T.V.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; Medical Image Analysis Center (MIAC AG) (J.W.), Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel; F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd (J.W., S.C., K.K., T.K., I.K., C.R., G.-A.T.), Basel, Switzerland; and Department of Neurology (J.K.), VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands $1 https://orcid.org/0000000338242796
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- $a Carroll, William M $u From the Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), UKD, Centre of Neurology and Neuropsychiatry and LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Brain and Mind Centre (H.-P.H.), University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), Palacky University Olomouc, Czech Republic; Department of Neurology (R.H.B.B.), Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Buffalo, NY; Department of Neurology (T.B.), Medical University of Vienna, Comprehensive Center for Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health, Austria; Mellen Center for MS (R.A.B.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Neurocentre Magendie INSERM (B.B.), Université de Bordeaux, France; Department of Neurology (W.M.C.), Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands; Department of Medicine and the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M.S.F.), University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (T.H.), Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog; Institute of Clinical Medicine (T.H.), University of Oslo, Norway; Department of Neurology (R.K.), Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey; Centre d'Esclerosi Mútiple de Catalunya (Cemcat) (C.N.), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies (F.P.), GF Ingrassia, Neuroscience Section and Multiple Sclerosis Centre, University of Catania PO Policlinico G Rodolico, Italy; Loyola University Chicago (A.P.R.), IL; Department of Neurology (L.V.), AZ Sint-Jan Brugge-Oostende, Belgium; Department of Neurology (T.V.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; Medical Image Analysis Center (MIAC AG) (J.W.), Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel; F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd (J.W., S.C., K.K., T.K., I.K., C.R., G.-A.T.), Basel, Switzerland; and Department of Neurology (J.K.), VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands $1 https://orcid.org/000000025088548X
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- $a Freedman, Mark S $u From the Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), UKD, Centre of Neurology and Neuropsychiatry and LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Brain and Mind Centre (H.-P.H.), University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), Palacky University Olomouc, Czech Republic; Department of Neurology (R.H.B.B.), Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Buffalo, NY; Department of Neurology (T.B.), Medical University of Vienna, Comprehensive Center for Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health, Austria; Mellen Center for MS (R.A.B.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Neurocentre Magendie INSERM (B.B.), Université de Bordeaux, France; Department of Neurology (W.M.C.), Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands; Department of Medicine and the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M.S.F.), University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (T.H.), Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog; Institute of Clinical Medicine (T.H.), University of Oslo, Norway; Department of Neurology (R.K.), Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey; Centre d'Esclerosi Mútiple de Catalunya (Cemcat) (C.N.), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies (F.P.), GF Ingrassia, Neuroscience Section and Multiple Sclerosis Centre, University of Catania PO Policlinico G Rodolico, Italy; Loyola University Chicago (A.P.R.), IL; Department of Neurology (L.V.), AZ Sint-Jan Brugge-Oostende, Belgium; Department of Neurology (T.V.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; Medical Image Analysis Center (MIAC AG) (J.W.), Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel; F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd (J.W., S.C., K.K., T.K., I.K., C.R., G.-A.T.), Basel, Switzerland; and Department of Neurology (J.K.), VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands $1 https://orcid.org/0000000312559701
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- $a Holmøy, Trygve $u From the Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), UKD, Centre of Neurology and Neuropsychiatry and LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Brain and Mind Centre (H.-P.H.), University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), Palacky University Olomouc, Czech Republic; Department of Neurology (R.H.B.B.), Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Buffalo, NY; Department of Neurology (T.B.), Medical University of Vienna, Comprehensive Center for Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health, Austria; Mellen Center for MS (R.A.B.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Neurocentre Magendie INSERM (B.B.), Université de Bordeaux, France; Department of Neurology (W.M.C.), Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands; Department of Medicine and the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M.S.F.), University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (T.H.), Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog; Institute of Clinical Medicine (T.H.), University of Oslo, Norway; Department of Neurology (R.K.), Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey; Centre d'Esclerosi Mútiple de Catalunya (Cemcat) (C.N.), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies (F.P.), GF Ingrassia, Neuroscience Section and Multiple Sclerosis Centre, University of Catania PO Policlinico G Rodolico, Italy; Loyola University Chicago (A.P.R.), IL; Department of Neurology (L.V.), AZ Sint-Jan Brugge-Oostende, Belgium; Department of Neurology (T.V.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; Medical Image Analysis Center (MIAC AG) (J.W.), Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel; F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd (J.W., S.C., K.K., T.K., I.K., C.R., G.-A.T.), Basel, Switzerland; and Department of Neurology (J.K.), VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands $1 https://orcid.org/0000000225295664
- 700 1_
- $a Karabudak, Rana $u From the Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), UKD, Centre of Neurology and Neuropsychiatry and LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Brain and Mind Centre (H.-P.H.), University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), Palacky University Olomouc, Czech Republic; Department of Neurology (R.H.B.B.), Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Buffalo, NY; Department of Neurology (T.B.), Medical University of Vienna, Comprehensive Center for Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health, Austria; Mellen Center for MS (R.A.B.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Neurocentre Magendie INSERM (B.B.), Université de Bordeaux, France; Department of Neurology (W.M.C.), Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands; Department of Medicine and the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M.S.F.), University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (T.H.), Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog; Institute of Clinical Medicine (T.H.), University of Oslo, Norway; Department of Neurology (R.K.), Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey; Centre d'Esclerosi Mútiple de Catalunya (Cemcat) (C.N.), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies (F.P.), GF Ingrassia, Neuroscience Section and Multiple Sclerosis Centre, University of Catania PO Policlinico G Rodolico, Italy; Loyola University Chicago (A.P.R.), IL; Department of Neurology (L.V.), AZ Sint-Jan Brugge-Oostende, Belgium; Department of Neurology (T.V.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; Medical Image Analysis Center (MIAC AG) (J.W.), Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel; F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd (J.W., S.C., K.K., T.K., I.K., C.R., G.-A.T.), Basel, Switzerland; and Department of Neurology (J.K.), VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands $1 https://orcid.org/0000000342721482
- 700 1_
- $a Nos, Carlos $u From the Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), UKD, Centre of Neurology and Neuropsychiatry and LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Brain and Mind Centre (H.-P.H.), University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), Palacky University Olomouc, Czech Republic; Department of Neurology (R.H.B.B.), Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Buffalo, NY; Department of Neurology (T.B.), Medical University of Vienna, Comprehensive Center for Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health, Austria; Mellen Center for MS (R.A.B.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Neurocentre Magendie INSERM (B.B.), Université de Bordeaux, France; Department of Neurology (W.M.C.), Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands; Department of Medicine and the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M.S.F.), University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (T.H.), Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog; Institute of Clinical Medicine (T.H.), University of Oslo, Norway; Department of Neurology (R.K.), Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey; Centre d'Esclerosi Mútiple de Catalunya (Cemcat) (C.N.), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies (F.P.), GF Ingrassia, Neuroscience Section and Multiple Sclerosis Centre, University of Catania PO Policlinico G Rodolico, Italy; Loyola University Chicago (A.P.R.), IL; Department of Neurology (L.V.), AZ Sint-Jan Brugge-Oostende, Belgium; Department of Neurology (T.V.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; Medical Image Analysis Center (MIAC AG) (J.W.), Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel; F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd (J.W., S.C., K.K., T.K., I.K., C.R., G.-A.T.), Basel, Switzerland; and Department of Neurology (J.K.), VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- 700 1_
- $a Patti, Francesco $u From the Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), UKD, Centre of Neurology and Neuropsychiatry and LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Brain and Mind Centre (H.-P.H.), University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), Palacky University Olomouc, Czech Republic; Department of Neurology (R.H.B.B.), Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Buffalo, NY; Department of Neurology (T.B.), Medical University of Vienna, Comprehensive Center for Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health, Austria; Mellen Center for MS (R.A.B.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Neurocentre Magendie INSERM (B.B.), Université de Bordeaux, France; Department of Neurology (W.M.C.), Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands; Department of Medicine and the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M.S.F.), University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (T.H.), Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog; Institute of Clinical Medicine (T.H.), University of Oslo, Norway; Department of Neurology (R.K.), Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey; Centre d'Esclerosi Mútiple de Catalunya (Cemcat) (C.N.), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies (F.P.), GF Ingrassia, Neuroscience Section and Multiple Sclerosis Centre, University of Catania PO Policlinico G Rodolico, Italy; Loyola University Chicago (A.P.R.), IL; Department of Neurology (L.V.), AZ Sint-Jan Brugge-Oostende, Belgium; Department of Neurology (T.V.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; Medical Image Analysis Center (MIAC AG) (J.W.), Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel; F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd (J.W., S.C., K.K., T.K., I.K., C.R., G.-A.T.), Basel, Switzerland; and Department of Neurology (J.K.), VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands $1 https://orcid.org/0000000269230846
- 700 1_
- $a Perrin Ross, Amy $u From the Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), UKD, Centre of Neurology and Neuropsychiatry and LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Brain and Mind Centre (H.-P.H.), University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), Palacky University Olomouc, Czech Republic; Department of Neurology (R.H.B.B.), Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Buffalo, NY; Department of Neurology (T.B.), Medical University of Vienna, Comprehensive Center for Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health, Austria; Mellen Center for MS (R.A.B.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Neurocentre Magendie INSERM (B.B.), Université de Bordeaux, France; Department of Neurology (W.M.C.), Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands; Department of Medicine and the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M.S.F.), University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (T.H.), Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog; Institute of Clinical Medicine (T.H.), University of Oslo, Norway; Department of Neurology (R.K.), Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey; Centre d'Esclerosi Mútiple de Catalunya (Cemcat) (C.N.), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies (F.P.), GF Ingrassia, Neuroscience Section and Multiple Sclerosis Centre, University of Catania PO Policlinico G Rodolico, Italy; Loyola University Chicago (A.P.R.), IL; Department of Neurology (L.V.), AZ Sint-Jan Brugge-Oostende, Belgium; Department of Neurology (T.V.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; Medical Image Analysis Center (MIAC AG) (J.W.), Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel; F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd (J.W., S.C., K.K., T.K., I.K., C.R., G.-A.T.), Basel, Switzerland; and Department of Neurology (J.K.), VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- 700 1_
- $a Vanopdenbosch, Ludo $u From the Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), UKD, Centre of Neurology and Neuropsychiatry and LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Brain and Mind Centre (H.-P.H.), University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), Palacky University Olomouc, Czech Republic; Department of Neurology (R.H.B.B.), Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Buffalo, NY; Department of Neurology (T.B.), Medical University of Vienna, Comprehensive Center for Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health, Austria; Mellen Center for MS (R.A.B.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Neurocentre Magendie INSERM (B.B.), Université de Bordeaux, France; Department of Neurology (W.M.C.), Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands; Department of Medicine and the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M.S.F.), University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (T.H.), Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog; Institute of Clinical Medicine (T.H.), University of Oslo, Norway; Department of Neurology (R.K.), Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey; Centre d'Esclerosi Mútiple de Catalunya (Cemcat) (C.N.), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies (F.P.), GF Ingrassia, Neuroscience Section and Multiple Sclerosis Centre, University of Catania PO Policlinico G Rodolico, Italy; Loyola University Chicago (A.P.R.), IL; Department of Neurology (L.V.), AZ Sint-Jan Brugge-Oostende, Belgium; Department of Neurology (T.V.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; Medical Image Analysis Center (MIAC AG) (J.W.), Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel; F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd (J.W., S.C., K.K., T.K., I.K., C.R., G.-A.T.), Basel, Switzerland; and Department of Neurology (J.K.), VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- 700 1_
- $a Vollmer, Timothy $u From the Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), UKD, Centre of Neurology and Neuropsychiatry and LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Brain and Mind Centre (H.-P.H.), University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), Palacky University Olomouc, Czech Republic; Department of Neurology (R.H.B.B.), Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Buffalo, NY; Department of Neurology (T.B.), Medical University of Vienna, Comprehensive Center for Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health, Austria; Mellen Center for MS (R.A.B.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Neurocentre Magendie INSERM (B.B.), Université de Bordeaux, France; Department of Neurology (W.M.C.), Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands; Department of Medicine and the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M.S.F.), University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (T.H.), Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog; Institute of Clinical Medicine (T.H.), University of Oslo, Norway; Department of Neurology (R.K.), Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey; Centre d'Esclerosi Mútiple de Catalunya (Cemcat) (C.N.), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies (F.P.), GF Ingrassia, Neuroscience Section and Multiple Sclerosis Centre, University of Catania PO Policlinico G Rodolico, Italy; Loyola University Chicago (A.P.R.), IL; Department of Neurology (L.V.), AZ Sint-Jan Brugge-Oostende, Belgium; Department of Neurology (T.V.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; Medical Image Analysis Center (MIAC AG) (J.W.), Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel; F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd (J.W., S.C., K.K., T.K., I.K., C.R., G.-A.T.), Basel, Switzerland; and Department of Neurology (J.K.), VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands $1 https://orcid.org/0000000215399830
- 700 1_
- $a Wuerfel, Jens $u From the Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), UKD, Centre of Neurology and Neuropsychiatry and LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Brain and Mind Centre (H.-P.H.), University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), Palacky University Olomouc, Czech Republic; Department of Neurology (R.H.B.B.), Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Buffalo, NY; Department of Neurology (T.B.), Medical University of Vienna, Comprehensive Center for Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health, Austria; Mellen Center for MS (R.A.B.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Neurocentre Magendie INSERM (B.B.), Université de Bordeaux, France; Department of Neurology (W.M.C.), Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands; Department of Medicine and the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M.S.F.), University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (T.H.), Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog; Institute of Clinical Medicine (T.H.), University of Oslo, Norway; Department of Neurology (R.K.), Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey; Centre d'Esclerosi Mútiple de Catalunya (Cemcat) (C.N.), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies (F.P.), GF Ingrassia, Neuroscience Section and Multiple Sclerosis Centre, University of Catania PO Policlinico G Rodolico, Italy; Loyola University Chicago (A.P.R.), IL; Department of Neurology (L.V.), AZ Sint-Jan Brugge-Oostende, Belgium; Department of Neurology (T.V.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; Medical Image Analysis Center (MIAC AG) (J.W.), Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel; F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd (J.W., S.C., K.K., T.K., I.K., C.R., G.-A.T.), Basel, Switzerland; and Department of Neurology (J.K.), VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands $1 https://orcid.org/0000000200348053
- 700 1_
- $a Clinch, Susanne $u From the Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), UKD, Centre of Neurology and Neuropsychiatry and LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Brain and Mind Centre (H.-P.H.), University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), Palacky University Olomouc, Czech Republic; Department of Neurology (R.H.B.B.), Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Buffalo, NY; Department of Neurology (T.B.), Medical University of Vienna, Comprehensive Center for Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health, Austria; Mellen Center for MS (R.A.B.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Neurocentre Magendie INSERM (B.B.), Université de Bordeaux, France; Department of Neurology (W.M.C.), Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands; Department of Medicine and the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M.S.F.), University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (T.H.), Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog; Institute of Clinical Medicine (T.H.), University of Oslo, Norway; Department of Neurology (R.K.), Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey; Centre d'Esclerosi Mútiple de Catalunya (Cemcat) (C.N.), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies (F.P.), GF Ingrassia, Neuroscience Section and Multiple Sclerosis Centre, University of Catania PO Policlinico G Rodolico, Italy; Loyola University Chicago (A.P.R.), IL; Department of Neurology (L.V.), AZ Sint-Jan Brugge-Oostende, Belgium; Department of Neurology (T.V.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; Medical Image Analysis Center (MIAC AG) (J.W.), Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel; F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd (J.W., S.C., K.K., T.K., I.K., C.R., G.-A.T.), Basel, Switzerland; and Department of Neurology (J.K.), VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- 700 1_
- $a Kadner, Karen $u From the Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), UKD, Centre of Neurology and Neuropsychiatry and LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Brain and Mind Centre (H.-P.H.), University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), Palacky University Olomouc, Czech Republic; Department of Neurology (R.H.B.B.), Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Buffalo, NY; Department of Neurology (T.B.), Medical University of Vienna, Comprehensive Center for Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health, Austria; Mellen Center for MS (R.A.B.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Neurocentre Magendie INSERM (B.B.), Université de Bordeaux, France; Department of Neurology (W.M.C.), Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands; Department of Medicine and the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M.S.F.), University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (T.H.), Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog; Institute of Clinical Medicine (T.H.), University of Oslo, Norway; Department of Neurology (R.K.), Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey; Centre d'Esclerosi Mútiple de Catalunya (Cemcat) (C.N.), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies (F.P.), GF Ingrassia, Neuroscience Section and Multiple Sclerosis Centre, University of Catania PO Policlinico G Rodolico, Italy; Loyola University Chicago (A.P.R.), IL; Department of Neurology (L.V.), AZ Sint-Jan Brugge-Oostende, Belgium; Department of Neurology (T.V.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; Medical Image Analysis Center (MIAC AG) (J.W.), Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel; F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd (J.W., S.C., K.K., T.K., I.K., C.R., G.-A.T.), Basel, Switzerland; and Department of Neurology (J.K.), VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- 700 1_
- $a Kuenzel, Thomas $u From the Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), UKD, Centre of Neurology and Neuropsychiatry and LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Brain and Mind Centre (H.-P.H.), University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), Palacky University Olomouc, Czech Republic; Department of Neurology (R.H.B.B.), Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Buffalo, NY; Department of Neurology (T.B.), Medical University of Vienna, Comprehensive Center for Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health, Austria; Mellen Center for MS (R.A.B.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Neurocentre Magendie INSERM (B.B.), Université de Bordeaux, France; Department of Neurology (W.M.C.), Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands; Department of Medicine and the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M.S.F.), University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (T.H.), Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog; Institute of Clinical Medicine (T.H.), University of Oslo, Norway; Department of Neurology (R.K.), Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey; Centre d'Esclerosi Mútiple de Catalunya (Cemcat) (C.N.), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies (F.P.), GF Ingrassia, Neuroscience Section and Multiple Sclerosis Centre, University of Catania PO Policlinico G Rodolico, Italy; Loyola University Chicago (A.P.R.), IL; Department of Neurology (L.V.), AZ Sint-Jan Brugge-Oostende, Belgium; Department of Neurology (T.V.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; Medical Image Analysis Center (MIAC AG) (J.W.), Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel; F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd (J.W., S.C., K.K., T.K., I.K., C.R., G.-A.T.), Basel, Switzerland; and Department of Neurology (J.K.), VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- 700 1_
- $a Kulyk, Inessa $u From the Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), UKD, Centre of Neurology and Neuropsychiatry and LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Brain and Mind Centre (H.-P.H.), University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), Palacky University Olomouc, Czech Republic; Department of Neurology (R.H.B.B.), Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Buffalo, NY; Department of Neurology (T.B.), Medical University of Vienna, Comprehensive Center for Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health, Austria; Mellen Center for MS (R.A.B.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Neurocentre Magendie INSERM (B.B.), Université de Bordeaux, France; Department of Neurology (W.M.C.), Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands; Department of Medicine and the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M.S.F.), University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (T.H.), Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog; Institute of Clinical Medicine (T.H.), University of Oslo, Norway; Department of Neurology (R.K.), Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey; Centre d'Esclerosi Mútiple de Catalunya (Cemcat) (C.N.), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies (F.P.), GF Ingrassia, Neuroscience Section and Multiple Sclerosis Centre, University of Catania PO Policlinico G Rodolico, Italy; Loyola University Chicago (A.P.R.), IL; Department of Neurology (L.V.), AZ Sint-Jan Brugge-Oostende, Belgium; Department of Neurology (T.V.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; Medical Image Analysis Center (MIAC AG) (J.W.), Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel; F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd (J.W., S.C., K.K., T.K., I.K., C.R., G.-A.T.), Basel, Switzerland; and Department of Neurology (J.K.), VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands $1 https://orcid.org/0009000406004552
- 700 1_
- $a Raposo, Catarina $u From the Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), UKD, Centre of Neurology and Neuropsychiatry and LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Brain and Mind Centre (H.-P.H.), University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), Palacky University Olomouc, Czech Republic; Department of Neurology (R.H.B.B.), Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Buffalo, NY; Department of Neurology (T.B.), Medical University of Vienna, Comprehensive Center for Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health, Austria; Mellen Center for MS (R.A.B.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Neurocentre Magendie INSERM (B.B.), Université de Bordeaux, France; Department of Neurology (W.M.C.), Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands; Department of Medicine and the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M.S.F.), University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (T.H.), Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog; Institute of Clinical Medicine (T.H.), University of Oslo, Norway; Department of Neurology (R.K.), Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey; Centre d'Esclerosi Mútiple de Catalunya (Cemcat) (C.N.), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies (F.P.), GF Ingrassia, Neuroscience Section and Multiple Sclerosis Centre, University of Catania PO Policlinico G Rodolico, Italy; Loyola University Chicago (A.P.R.), IL; Department of Neurology (L.V.), AZ Sint-Jan Brugge-Oostende, Belgium; Department of Neurology (T.V.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; Medical Image Analysis Center (MIAC AG) (J.W.), Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel; F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd (J.W., S.C., K.K., T.K., I.K., C.R., G.-A.T.), Basel, Switzerland; and Department of Neurology (J.K.), VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands $1 https://orcid.org/0000000214661542
- 700 1_
- $a Thanei, Gian-Andrea $u From the Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), UKD, Centre of Neurology and Neuropsychiatry and LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Brain and Mind Centre (H.-P.H.), University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), Palacky University Olomouc, Czech Republic; Department of Neurology (R.H.B.B.), Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Buffalo, NY; Department of Neurology (T.B.), Medical University of Vienna, Comprehensive Center for Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health, Austria; Mellen Center for MS (R.A.B.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Neurocentre Magendie INSERM (B.B.), Université de Bordeaux, France; Department of Neurology (W.M.C.), Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands; Department of Medicine and the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M.S.F.), University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (T.H.), Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog; Institute of Clinical Medicine (T.H.), University of Oslo, Norway; Department of Neurology (R.K.), Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey; Centre d'Esclerosi Mútiple de Catalunya (Cemcat) (C.N.), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies (F.P.), GF Ingrassia, Neuroscience Section and Multiple Sclerosis Centre, University of Catania PO Policlinico G Rodolico, Italy; Loyola University Chicago (A.P.R.), IL; Department of Neurology (L.V.), AZ Sint-Jan Brugge-Oostende, Belgium; Department of Neurology (T.V.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; Medical Image Analysis Center (MIAC AG) (J.W.), Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel; F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd (J.W., S.C., K.K., T.K., I.K., C.R., G.-A.T.), Basel, Switzerland; and Department of Neurology (J.K.), VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands $1 https://orcid.org/0009000868366099
- 700 1_
- $a Killestein, Joep $u From the Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), UKD, Centre of Neurology and Neuropsychiatry and LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Brain and Mind Centre (H.-P.H.), University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), Palacky University Olomouc, Czech Republic; Department of Neurology (R.H.B.B.), Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Buffalo, NY; Department of Neurology (T.B.), Medical University of Vienna, Comprehensive Center for Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health, Austria; Mellen Center for MS (R.A.B.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Neurocentre Magendie INSERM (B.B.), Université de Bordeaux, France; Department of Neurology (W.M.C.), Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands; Department of Medicine and the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M.S.F.), University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (T.H.), Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog; Institute of Clinical Medicine (T.H.), University of Oslo, Norway; Department of Neurology (R.K.), Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey; Centre d'Esclerosi Mútiple de Catalunya (Cemcat) (C.N.), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies (F.P.), GF Ingrassia, Neuroscience Section and Multiple Sclerosis Centre, University of Catania PO Policlinico G Rodolico, Italy; Loyola University Chicago (A.P.R.), IL; Department of Neurology (L.V.), AZ Sint-Jan Brugge-Oostende, Belgium; Department of Neurology (T.V.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; Medical Image Analysis Center (MIAC AG) (J.W.), Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel; F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd (J.W., S.C., K.K., T.K., I.K., C.R., G.-A.T.), Basel, Switzerland; and Department of Neurology (J.K.), VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands $1 https://orcid.org/0000000263475957
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