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The role of microglia in multiple sclerosis: implications for treatment with Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibitors
P. Vermersch, L. Airas, T. Berger, F. Deisenhammer, N. Grigoriadis, HP. Hartung, M. Magyari, V. Popescu, C. Pozzilli, M. Pugliatti, B. Van Wijmeersch, M. Zakaria, C. Oreja-Guevara
Jazyk angličtina Země Švýcarsko
Typ dokumentu časopisecké články, přehledy
NLK
Directory of Open Access Journals
od 2010
Free Medical Journals
od 2010
PubMed Central
od 2010
Europe PubMed Central
od 2010
Open Access Digital Library
od 2010-01-01
Open Access Digital Library
od 2010-01-01
ROAD: Directory of Open Access Scholarly Resources
od 2010
- MeSH
- inhibitory proteinkinas * terapeutické užití farmakologie MeSH
- inhibitory tyrosinkinasy MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mikroglie * účinky léků imunologie metabolismus MeSH
- proteinkinasa BTK * antagonisté a inhibitory metabolismus MeSH
- roztroušená skleróza * farmakoterapie imunologie etiologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
BACKGROUND: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disease affecting the central nervous system (CNS), characterized by inflammation and neurodegeneration. The pathophysiology of MS, especially its progressive forms, involves various cellular components, including microglia, the primary resident immune cells of the CNS. This review discusses the role of microglia in neuroinflammation, tissue repair, and neural homeostasis, as well as their involvement in MS and explores potential therapeutic strategies targeting microglial function. METHODS: A literature search conducted in August 2023 and updated in March 2025, using the PubMed database, focused on articles relating to microglia and MS published in 2018-2025. Additionally, ongoing clinical trials of Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitors were identified through the ClinicalTrials.gov website in November 2023 and updated in March 2025. RESULTS: Microglia are highly adaptive and exhibit various functional states throughout different life stages and play critical roles in neuroinflammation, tissue repair, and neural homeostasis. Their altered activity is a prominent feature of MS, contributing to its pathogenesis. Imaging techniques such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and positron emission tomography (PET) provide insights into microglial activity in MS. BTK inhibitors and other novel treatments for MS, including masitinib and frexalimab, show promise in modulating microglial function and influencing the disease progression rate. CONCLUSIONS: The multifaceted roles of microglia in CNS development, immune surveillance, and particularly in the pathogenesis of MS highlight the potential of targeting microglial functions in MS treatment. Emerging research on the involvement of microglia in MS pathophysiology offers promising avenues for developing novel therapies, especially for progressive MS, potentially improving patient outcomes in this debilitating disease.
Brain and Mind Center University of Sydney Sydney NSW Australia
Departamento de Medicina Facultad de Medicina Universidad Complutense de Madrid Madrid Spain
Department of Clinical Medicine University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
Department of Neurology Ain Shams University Cairo Egypt
Department of Neurology Hospital Clinico San Carlos IdISSC Madrid Spain
Department of Neurology Medical Faculty Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf Düsseldorf Germany
Department of Neurology Medical University of Innsbruck Innsbruck Austria
Department of Neurology Medical University of Vienna Vienna Austria
Department of Neurology Palacky University Olomouc Olomouc Czechia
Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation University of Ferrara Ferrara Italy
Division of Clinical Neurosciences University of Turku Turku Finland
Hasselt University Belgium Hasselt Belgium
Neurocenter of Turku University Hospital Turku Finland
Revalidatie and Multiple Sclerosis Noorderhart Pelt Belgium
Univ Lille Inserm U1172 LilNCog CHU Lille FHU Precise Lille France
Citace poskytuje Crossref.org
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- $a BACKGROUND: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disease affecting the central nervous system (CNS), characterized by inflammation and neurodegeneration. The pathophysiology of MS, especially its progressive forms, involves various cellular components, including microglia, the primary resident immune cells of the CNS. This review discusses the role of microglia in neuroinflammation, tissue repair, and neural homeostasis, as well as their involvement in MS and explores potential therapeutic strategies targeting microglial function. METHODS: A literature search conducted in August 2023 and updated in March 2025, using the PubMed database, focused on articles relating to microglia and MS published in 2018-2025. Additionally, ongoing clinical trials of Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitors were identified through the ClinicalTrials.gov website in November 2023 and updated in March 2025. RESULTS: Microglia are highly adaptive and exhibit various functional states throughout different life stages and play critical roles in neuroinflammation, tissue repair, and neural homeostasis. Their altered activity is a prominent feature of MS, contributing to its pathogenesis. Imaging techniques such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and positron emission tomography (PET) provide insights into microglial activity in MS. BTK inhibitors and other novel treatments for MS, including masitinib and frexalimab, show promise in modulating microglial function and influencing the disease progression rate. CONCLUSIONS: The multifaceted roles of microglia in CNS development, immune surveillance, and particularly in the pathogenesis of MS highlight the potential of targeting microglial functions in MS treatment. Emerging research on the involvement of microglia in MS pathophysiology offers promising avenues for developing novel therapies, especially for progressive MS, potentially improving patient outcomes in this debilitating disease.
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