BACKGROUND: A number of cardiovascular, neurological, musculoskeletal and other diseases have a limited capacity for repair and only a modest progress has been made in treatment of brain diseases. The discovery of stem cells has opened new possibilities for the treatment of these maladies, and cell therapy now stands at the cutting-edge of modern regenerative medicine and tissue engineering. Experimental data and the first clinical trials employing stem cells have shown their broad therapeutic potential and have brought hope to patients suffering from devastating pathologies of different organs and systems. AIMS: Here, we briefly review the main achievements and trends in cell-based therapy, with an emphasis on the main types of stem cells: embryonic, mesenchymal stromal and induced pluripotent cells. DISCUSSION: Many questions regarding the application of stem cells remain unanswered, particularly tumorigenicity, immune rejection and danger of gene manipulation. Currently, only MSC seems to be safe and might be considered to be a leading candidate for human application to treat pathologies that affect the cardiovascular, neurological and musculoskeletal systems.

Department of Neuroscience Institute of Experimental Medicine Academy of Science of the Czech Republic Videnska 1083 Prague 14220 Czech Republic ; Department of Neuroscience 2nd Faculty of Medicine Charles University 5 Uvalu 84 Prague 15006 Czech Republic

Zobrazit více v PubMed

Takahashi K., Yamanaka S., Cell 126 (4), 663-676 (2006). PubMed

Thomson J.A., Itskovitz-Eldor J., Shapiro S.S., Waknitz M.A., Swiergiel J.J., Marshall V.S., Jones J.M., Science 282 (5391), 1145-1147 (1998). PubMed

Hofstetter C.P., Schwarz E.J., Hess D., Widenfalk J., El Manira A., Prockop D.J., Olson L., Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 99 (4), 2199-2204 (2002). PubMed PMC

Xu L., Yan J., Chen D., Welsh A.M., Hazel T., Johe K., Hatfield G., Koliatsos V.E., Transplantation 82 (7), 865-875 (2006). PubMed

McDonald J.W., Liu X.Z., Qu Y., Liu S., Mickey S.K., Turetsky D., Gottlieb D.I., Choi D.W., Nature medicine 5 (12), 1410-1412 (1999). PubMed

Nistor G.I., Totoiu M.O., Haque N., Carpenter M.K., Keirstead H.S., Glia 49 (3), 385-396 (2005). PubMed

Ogawa Y., Sawamoto K., Miyata T., Miyao S., Watanabe B., Nakamura M., Bregman B.S., Koike M., Uchiyama Y., Toyama Y., Okano H., Journal of neuroscience research 69 (6), 925-933 (2002). PubMed

Lee H., Shamy G.A., Elkabetz Y., Schofield C.M., Harrsion N.L., Panagiotakos G., Socci N.D., Tabar V., Studer L., Stem cells 25 (8), 1931-1939 (2007). PubMed

Kozubenko N., Turnovcova K., Kapcalova M., Butenko O., Anderova M., Rusnakova V., Kubista M., Hampl A., Jendelova P., Sykova E., Cell transplantation 19 (4), 471-486 (2010). PubMed

Seminatore C., Polentes J., Ellman D., Kozubenko N., Itier V., Tine S., Tritschler L., Brenot M., Guidou E., Blondeau J., Lhuillier M., Bugi A., Aubry L., Jendelova P., Sykova E., Perrier A.L., Finsen B., Onteniente B., Stroke; a journal of cerebral circulation 41 (1), 153-159 (2010). PubMed

Gowing G., Svendsen C. N., Neurotherapeutics: the journal of the American Society for Experimental NeuroTherapeutics 8 (4), 591-606 (2011). PubMed PMC

Deshpande D.M., Kim Y.S., Martinez T., Carmen J., Dike S., Shats I., Rubin L.L., Drummond J., Krishnan C., Hoke A., Maragakis N., Shefner J., Rothstein J.D., Kerr D.A., Ann Neurol 60 (1), 32-44 (2006). PubMed

Yohn D.C., Miles G.B., Rafuse V.F., Brownstone R.M., J Neurosci 28 (47), 12409-12418 (2008). PubMed PMC

Toh W.S., Lee E.H., Guo X.M., Chan J.K., Yeow C.H., Choo A.B., Cao T., Biomaterials 31 (27), 6968-6980 (2010). PubMed

Kehat I., Khimovich L., Caspi O., Gepstein A., Shofti R., Arbel G., Huber I., Satin J., Itskovitz-Eldor J., Gepstein L., Nature biotechnology 22 (10), 1282-1289 (2004). PubMed

Hwang N.S., Varghese S., Lee H.J., Zhang Z., Ye Z., Bae J., Cheng L., Elisseeff J., Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 105 (52), 20641-20646 (2008). PubMed PMC

Lee E.J., Xu L., Kim G.H., Kang S.K., Lee S.W., Park S.H., Kim S., Choi T.H., Kim H.S., Biomaterials 33 (29), 7039-7046 (2012). PubMed

Horiguchi S., Takahashi J., Kishi Y., Morizane A., Okamoto Y., Koyanagi M., Tsuji M., Tashiro K., Honjo T., Fujii S., Hashimoto N., Journal of neuroscience research 75 (6), 817-824 (2004). PubMed

Burnstein R.M., Foltynie T., He X., Menon D.K., Svendsen C.N., Caldwell M.A., The international journal of biochemistry & cell biology 36 (4), 702-713 (2004). PubMed

Brundin P., Strecker R.E., Gage F.H., Lindvall O., Bjorklund A., Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 537, 148-160 (1988). PubMed

Clarke D.J., Brundin P., Strecker R.E., Nilsson O.G., Bjorklund A., Lindvall O., Experimental brain research. Experimentelle Hirnforschung. Experimentation cerebrale 73 (1), 115-126 (1988). PubMed

Lindvall O., Brundin P., Widner H., Rehncrona S., Gustavii B., Frackowiak R., Leenders K.L., Sawle G., Rothwell J.C., Marsden C.D., et al. , Science 247 (4942), 574-577 (1990). PubMed

Pollock K., Stroemer P., Patel S., Stevanato L., Hope A., Miljan E., Dong Z., Hodges H., Price J., Sinden J.D., Exp Neurol 199 (1), 143-155 (2006). PubMed

Arboleda D., Forostyak S., Jendelova P., Marekova D., Amemori T., Pivonkova H., Masinova K., Sykova E., Cell Mol Neurobiol 31 (7), 1113-1122 (2011). PubMed

Krause D.S., Gene therapy 9 (11), 754-758 (2002). PubMed

Mezey E., Chandross K.J., Harta G., Maki R.A., McKercher S.R., Science 290 (5497), 1779-1782 (2000). PubMed

Prockop D.J., Science 276 (5309), 71-74 (1997). PubMed

Li Y., Chen J., Chen X.G., Wang L., Gautam S.C., Xu Y.X., Katakowski M., Zhang L.J., Lu M., Janakiraman N., Chopp M., Neurology 59 (4), 514-523 (2002). PubMed

Zhang J., Li Y., Chen J., Yang M., Katakowski M., Lu M., Chopp M., Brain research 1030 (1), 19-27 (2004). PubMed

Vercelli A., Mereuta O.M., Garbossa D., Muraca G., Mareschi K., Rustichelli D., Ferrero I., Mazzini L., Madon E., Fagioli F., Neurobiology of disease 31 (3), 395-405 (2008). PubMed

Gu W., Zhang F., Xue Q., Ma Z., Lu P., Yu B., Neuropathology : official journal of the Japanese Society of Neuropathology 30 (3), 205-217 PubMed

Uccelli A., Benvenuto F., Laroni A., Giunti D., Best Pract Res Clin Haematol 24 (1), 59-64. PubMed

La Spada A., Ranum L.P., Hum Mol Genet 19(R1), R1-R3 (2010). PubMed PMC

Urdzikova L., Jendelova P., Glogarova K., Burian M., Hajek M., Sykova E., Journal of neurotrauma 23 (9), 1379-1391 (2006). PubMed

Sykova E., Jendelova P., Cell death and differentiation 14 (7), 1336-1342 (2007). PubMed

Hejcl A., Sedy J., Kapcalova M., Toro D.A., Amemori T., Lesny P., Likavcanova-Masinova K., Krumbholcova E., Pradny M., Michalek J., Burian M., Hajek M., Jendelova P., Sykova E., Stem cells and development 19 (10), 1535-1546 PubMed

Ohta M., Suzuki Y., Noda T., Ejiri Y., Dezawa M., Kataoka K., Chou H., Ishikawa N., Matsumoto N., Iwashita Y., Mizuta E., Kuno S., Ide C., Exp Neurol 187 (2), 266-278 (2004). PubMed

Parr A.M., Kulbatski I., Zahir T., Wang X., Yue C., Keating A., Tator C.H., Neuroscience 155 (3), 760-770 (2008). PubMed

Zeng X., Zeng Y.S., Ma Y.H., Lu L.Y., Du B.L., Zhang W., Li Y., Chan W.Y., Cell Transplant. PubMed

Chopp M., Zhang X.H., Li Y., Wang L., Chen J., Lu D., Lu M., Rosenblum M., Neuroreport 11 (13), 3001-3005 (2000). PubMed

Mazzini L., Mareschi K., Ferrero I., Vassallo E., Oliveri G., Nasuelli N., Oggioni G.D., Testa L., Fagioli F., Journal of the neurological sciences 265 (1–2), 78-83 (2008). PubMed

Forostyak S., Jendelova P., Kapcalova M., Arboleda D., Sykova E., Cytotherapy 13 (9), 1036-1046 (2011). PubMed

Li Y., Chen J., Wang L., Zhang L., Lu M., Chopp M., Neuroscience letters 316 (2), 67-70 (2001). PubMed

Kranz A., Wagner D.C., Kamprad M., Scholz M., Schmidt U.R., Nitzsche F., Aberman Z., Emmrich F., Riegelsberger U.M., Boltze J., Brain research 1315, 128-136 (2010). PubMed

Quevedo H.C., Hatzistergos K.E., Oskouei B.N., Feigenbaum G.S., Rodriguez J.E., Valdes D., Pattany P.M., Zambrano J.P., Hu Q., McNiece I., Heldman A.W., Hare J. M., Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 106 (33), 14022-14027 (2009). PubMed PMC

Dubsky M., Jirkovska A., Bem R., Pagacova L., Fejfarova V., Varga M., Skibova J., Langkramer S., Sykova E., Vnitrni lekarstvi 57 (5), 451-455 (2011). PubMed

Schachinger V., Erbs S., Elsasser A., Haberbosch W., Hambrecht R., Holschermann H., Yu J., Corti R., Mathey D.G., Hamm C.W., Suselbeck T., Werner N., Haase J., Neuzner J., Germing A., Mark B., Assmus B., Tonn T., Dimmeler S., Zeiher A.M., Investigators R.-A., European heart journal 27 (23), 2775-2783 (2006). PubMed

Bang O.Y., Lee J.S., Lee P.H., Lee G., Ann Neurol 57 (6), 874-882 (2005). PubMed

Sykova E., Homola A., Mazanec R., Lachmann H., Konradova S.L., Kobylka P., Padr R., Neuwirth J., Komrska V., Vavra V., Stulik J., Bojar M., Cell transplantation 15 (8–9), 675-687 (2006). PubMed

Vaquero J., Zurita M., Progress in neurobiology 93 (3), 341-349 (2011). PubMed

Mazzini L., Mareschi K., Ferrero I., Miglioretti M., Stecco A., Servo S., Carriero A., Monaco F., Fagioli F., Cytotherapy (2011). PubMed

Dimos J.T., Rodolfa K.T., Niakan K.K., M.Weisenthal L., Mitsumoto H., Chung W., Croft G.F., Saphier G., Leibel R., Goland R., Wichterle H., Henderson C.E., Eggan K., Science 321 (5893), 1218-1221 (2008). PubMed

Wernig M., Zhao J.P., Pruszak J., Hedlund E., Fu D., Soldner F., Broccoli V., Constantine-Paton M., Isacson O., Jaenisch R., Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 105 (15), 5856-5861 (2008). PubMed PMC

Gai H., Leung E.L., Costantino P.D., Aguila J.R., Nguyen D.M., Fink L.M., Ward D.C., Ma Y., Cell biology international 33 (11), 1184-1193 (2009). PubMed

Gomi M., Takagi Y., Morizane A., Doi D., Nishimura M., Miyamoto S., Takahashi J., Brain research 1459, 52-60 (2012). PubMed

Wichterle H., Przedborski S., Nature neuroscience 13 (7), 800-804 (2010). PubMed PMC

Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Treatment of Spinal Cord Injury and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

Getting it right before transplantation: example of a stem cell model with regenerative potential for the CNS