The direct determination of toxic metal ions, in environmental samples, is difficult because of the latter's presence in trace concentration in association with complex matrices, thereby leading to insufficient sensitivity and selectivity of the methods used. The simultaneous removal of the matrix and preconcentration of the metal ions, through solid phase extraction, serves as the promising solution. The mechanism involved in solid phase extraction (SPE) depends on the nature of the sorbent and analyte. Thus, SPE is carried out by means of adsorption, ion exchange, chelation, ion pair formation, and so forth. As polymeric supports, the commercially available Amberlite resins have been found very promising for designing chelating matrices due to its good physical and chemical properties such as porosity, high surface area, durability and purity. This review presents an overview of the various works done on the modification of Amberlite XAD resins with the objective of making it an efficient sorbent. The methods of modifications which are generally based on simple impregnation, sorption as chelates and chemical bonding have been discussed. The reported results, including the preconcentration limit, the detection limit, sorption capacity, preconcentration factors etc., have been reproduced.

Centre of Lipids Engineering and Applied Research Faculty of Chemical Engineering Universiti Teknologi Malaysia 81310 UTM Johor Bahru Johor Malaysia

Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science Taibah University PO Box 30002 Al Madinah Al Munawarrah Saudi Arabia

Department of Chemistry Jazan University Jazan Saudi Arabia

Department of Environmental Sciences Faculty of Meteorology Environment and Arid Land Agriculture King Abdulaziz University Jeddah 21589 Saudi Arabia

Department of Materials Engineering and Chemistry Faculty of Civil Engineering Czech Technical University Prague Thakurova 716629 Czech Republic

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