Predicting the impacts of non-native species remains a challenge. As populations of a species are genetically and phenotypically variable, the impact of non-native species on local taxa could crucially depend on population-specific traits and adaptations of both native and non-native species. Bitterling fishes are brood parasites of unionid mussels and unionid mussels produce larvae that parasitize fishes. We used common garden experiments to measure three key elements in the bitterling-mussel association among two populations of an invasive mussel (Anodonta woodiana) and four populations of European bitterling (Rhodeus amarus). The impact of the invasive mussel varied between geographically distinct R. amarus lineages and between local populations within lineages. The capacity of parasitic larvae of the invasive mussel to exploit R. amarus was higher in a Danubian than in a Baltic R. amarus lineage and in allopatric than in sympatric R. amarus populations. Maladaptive oviposition by R. amarus into A. woodiana varied among populations, with significant population-specific consequences for R. amarus recruitment. We suggest that variation in coevolutionary states may predispose different populations to divergent responses. Given that coevolutionary relationships are ubiquitous, population-specific attributes of invasive and native populations may play a critical role in the outcome of invasion. We argue for a shift from a species-centred to population-centred perspective of the impacts of invasions.

Department of Ecology and Vertebrate Zoology University of Łodz Banacha 12 16 Łodz 90 237 Poland

Department of Zoology and Fisheries Czech University of Life Sciences Prague Kamýcká 129 Prague 165 00 Czech Republic

Grigore Antipa National Museum of Natural History Kiseleff Street no 1 Bucharest 011341 Romania

Institute of Vertebrate Biology Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic Květná 8 Brno 603 65 Czech Republic

Institute of Vertebrate Biology Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic Květná 8 Brno 603 65 Czech Republic School of Biology University of St Andrews St Andrews Fife KY16 8LB UK

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