The nomenclature of Eastern Asian populations traditionally assigned to Cardamine flexuosa has remained unresolved since 2006, when they were found to be distinct from the European species Cardamine flexuosa. Apart from the informal designation "Asian Cardamine flexuosa", this taxon has also been reported under the names Cardamine flexuosa subsp. debilis or Cardamine hamiltonii. Here we determine its correct species name to be Cardamine occulta and present a nomenclatural survey of all relevant species names. A lectotype and epitype for Cardamine occulta and a neotype for the illegitimate name Cardamine debilis (replaced by Cardamine flexuosa subsp. debilis and Cardamine hamiltonii) are designated here. Cardamine occulta is a polyploid weed that most likely originated in Eastern Asia, but it has also been introduced to other continents, including Europe. Here data is presented on the first records of this invasive species in European countries. The first known record for Europe was made in Spain in 1993, and since then its occurrence has been reported from a number of European countries and regions as growing in irrigated anthropogenic habitats, such as paddy fields or flower beds, and exceptionally also in natural communities such as lake shores.

Department of Botany Faculty of Science Charles University Benátská 2 CZ 128 01 Praha 2 Czech Republic

Department of Botany Faculty of Science Charles University Benátská 2 CZ 128 01 Praha 2 Czech Republic; Institute of Botany Slovak Academy of Sciences Dúbravská cesta 9 SK 845 23 Bratislava Slovakia

Institute of Botany Slovak Academy of Sciences Dúbravská cesta 9 SK 845 23 Bratislava Slovakia

Zobrazit více v PubMed

Al-Shehbaz IA, Arai K, Ohba H. (2006) Cardamine. In: Iwatsuki K, Boufford DE, Ohba H. (Eds) Flora of Japan, vol. IIa, Angiospermae, Dicotyledoneae, Archichlamydeae(a). Kodansha Ltd., Tokyo, 482–490.

Al-Shehbaz IA, Marhold K, Lihová J. (2010) Cardamine Linnaeus. In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee. (Ed.) Flora of North America North of Mexico, vol. 7 Oxford University Press, New York & Oxford, 464–484.

Al-Shehbaz IA, Peng ChI. (2000) The genus Barbarea (Brassicaceae) in Taiwan. Botanical Bulletin of Academia Sinica 41: 237–242. http://ejournal.sinica.edu.tw/bbas/content/2000/3/bot13-10.html

Al-Shehbaz IA, Watson MF. (2012) Flora of Nepal. Cruciferae. Webedition 1. http://data.rbge.org.uk/publications/FloraofNepal/library/Cruciferae/1 [accessed 5. 12. 2015]

Ardenghi NMG, Cauzzi P, Galasso G. (2015) Cardamine hamiltonii G. Don. In: von Raab-Straube E, Raus T. (Eds) Euro+Med-Checklist Notulae, 4. Willdenowia 45: 121–122. doi: 10.3372/wi.45.45113 DOI

Ardenghi NMG, Mossini S. (2014) Cardamine flexuosa subsp. debilis O. E. Schulz. In: von Raab-Straube E, Raus T. (Eds) Euro+Med-Checklist Notulae, 3 Willdenowia 44: 292. doi: 10.3372/wi.44.44211 DOI

Bleeker W, Klausmeyer S, Peintinger M, Dienst M. (2008) DNA sequences identify invasive alien Cardamine at Lake Constance. Biological Conservation 141: 692–698. doi: 10.1016/j.biocon.2007.12.015 DOI

Bomble FW. (2014) Japanisches Reisfeld-Schaumkraut (Cardamine hamiltonii) in Aachen. [Japanese rice field Bitter-cress (Cardamine hamiltonii) in Aachen (North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany)]. Veröffentlichungen des Bochumer Botanischen Vereins 6: 1–5. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:hebis:30:3-354651

Crespo MB, Azorín MM, Camuñas E. (2013) Novedades corológicas para la flora valenciana [New records for the flora of the Valencian Community (E of Spain)]. Flora Montiberica 55: 118–127. http://hdl.handle.net/10045/33135

Curtis W. (1781) Flora Londinensis: or Plates and Descriptions of Such Plants as Grow Wild in the Environs of London, vol. 2, fascicle 4, number 38 London.

Dienst M. (2007) Cardamine-Neophyt im Bodensee-Litoral – wer kennt weitere Fundorte? http://www.wildblumen.net/BAS/module/wordpress/?p=52 [accessed 11.12.2015]

Dirkse GM, Zonneveld BJM, Duistermaat LH. (2015) Cardamine hamiltonii G. Don - Aziatische veldkers (Brassicaceae) in Nederland. Gorteria 47: 64–69.

Don D. (1825) Prodromus florae Nepalensis : sive Enumeratio vegetabilium quae in itinere per Nepaliam proprie dictam et regiones conterminas, ann. 1802–1803. Detexit atque legit d. d. Franciscus Hamilton, (olim Buchanan) Accedunt plantae a. d. Wallich nuperius missae. J. Gale, London, 1–256.

Güntsch A, Hagedorn G. (2013) Stable identifiers for specimens – A CETAF ISTC initiative supported by pro-iBiosphere. http://www.pro-ibiosphere.eu/news/4296_stable%20identifiers%20for%20specimens%20-%20a%20cetaf%20istc%20initiative%20supported%20by%20pro-ibiosphere/ [accessed 11.12.2015]

Hagedorn G, Catapano T, Güntsch A, Mietchen D, Endresen D, Sierra S, Groom Q, Biserkov J, Glöckler F, Morris R. (2013) Best practices for stable URIs. http://wiki.pro-ibiosphere.eu/wiki/Best_practices_for_stable_URIs [accessed 11.12.2015]

Hara H, Williams LHJ. (1979) An Enumeration of the Flowering Plants of Nepal, vol. 2 British Museum (Natural History), London, 1–220.

Hepenstrick D, Hoffer-Massard F. (2014) Un xénophyte asiatique du groupe Cardamine flexuosa: identification, nomenclature et génétique. Bulletin du Cercle vaudois de botanique 43: 69–76. http://pd.zhaw.ch/publikation/upload/207561.pdf

Hohla M. (2012) Bromus sitchensis – neu für Österreich, Plantago coronopus - neu für Oberösterreich sowie weitere Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Flora des Innviertels. Stapfia 97: 180–192. http://www.zobodat.at/pdf/STAPFIA_0097_0180-0192.pdf

Hohla M. (2014a) Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Flora von Bayern IV. Berichte der Bayerischen Botanischen Gesellschaft zur Erforschung der heimischen Flora 84: 91–100.

Hohla M. (2014b) Hystrix patula – neu für Österreich, sowie weitere Beiträge zur Flora von Oberösterreich, Salzburg, Steiermark und Vorarlberg. Stapfia 101: 83–100.

Hohla M, Diewald W, Király G. (2015) Limonium gmelini – eine Steppenpflanze an österreichischen Autobahnen sowie weitere Neuigkeiten zur Flora Österreichs. Stapfia 103: 127–150. http://www.zobodat.at/pdf/STAPFIA_0103_0127-0150.pdf

Hornemann JW. (1819) Supplementum Horti botanici hafniensis. Typis Schultzii, Hafniae, 1–172.

Hyam RD, Drinkwater RE, Harris DJ. (2012) Stable citations for herbarium specimens on the internet: an illustration from a taxonomic revision of Duboscia (Malvaceae). Phytotaxa 73: 17–30. doi: 10.11646/phytotaxa.73.1.4 DOI

Jalas J, Suominen J. (Eds) (1994) Atlas Florae Europaeae. Distribution of Vascular Plants in Europe, vol. 10 Committee for Mapping the Flora of Europe and Societas Biologica Fennica Vanamo, Helsinki, 1–224.

Klinkenberg B. (Ed.) (2015) E-Flora BC: Electronic Atlas of the Flora of British Columbia [eflora.bc.ca]. Lab for Advanced Spatial Analysis, Department of Geography, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, http://ibis.geog.ubc.ca/biodiversity/eflora/ [accessed 03.12.2015]

Kučera J, Valko I, Marhold K. (2005) On-line database of the chromosome numbers of the genus Cardamine (Brassicaceae). Biologia 60: 473–476. http://www.cardamine.sav.sk/www/index.php?lang=en

Kudoh H, Ishiguri Y, Kawano S. (1992) Cardamine hirsuta L., a new ruderal species introduced into Japan. Journal of Phytogeography and Taxonomy 40: 85–89.

Kudoh H, Ishiguri Y, Kawano S. (1993) Phenotypic variability in life history traits and phenology of field populations of Cardamine flexuosa and C. fallax (Cruciferae) in Honshu, Japan. Plant Species Biology 8: 7–20. doi: 10.1111/j.1442-1984.1993.tb00229.x DOI

Kudoh H, Marhold K, Lihová J. (2006) Notes on Cardamine impatiens L., C. flexuosa With., C. hirsuta L. and C. parviflora L. in Japan. Bunrui 6: 41–49.

Kudoh H, Nakayama M, Lihová J, Marhold K. (2007) Does invasion involve alternation of germination requirements? A comparative study between native and introduced strains of an annual Brassicaceae, Cardamine hirsuta. Ecological Research 22: 869–875. doi: 10.1007/s11284-007-0417-5 DOI

Lazzeri V, Marhold K. (2016) Cardamine occulta Hornem. (Brassicaceae). In: Galasso G, Domina G, Adorni M, Alessandrini A, Ardenghi NMG, Banfi W, Bedini G, Bertolli A, Brundu G, Calbi M, Cecchi L, Cibei C, D’Antraccoli M, De Bastiani A, Faggi G, Ghillani L, Giardini M, Iberite M, Kleih M, Latini M, Lazzeri V, Liguori P, Marhold K, Masin R, Mauri S, Meneguzzo E, Mereu G, Nicolella G, Olivieri N, Peccenini S, Perrino EV, Peruzzi L, Petraglia A, Pierini B, Prosser F, Roma-Marzio F, Romani E, Sammartino F, Selvaggi A, Signorile G, Stinca A, Verloove F, Nepi Ch. Notulae to the Italian Alien Vascular Flora 1. The Italian Botanist 1, in press.

Lazzeri V, Mascia F, Sammartino F, Campus G, Caredda A, Carlesi V, Fois M, Gestri G, Mannocci M, Mazzoncini V, Lombraña AC, Santinelli M. (2013) Novità floristiche per le regioni Sardegna e Toscana. Acta Plantarum Notes 2: 42–59. http://www.actaplantarum.org/ap_notes/pubbl/ActaPlantarum_Notes_2_dicembre_2013.pdf

Lihová J, Marhold K, Kudoh H, Koch MA. (2006) Worldwide phylogeny and biogeography of Cardamine flexuosa (Brassicaceae) and its relatives. American Journal of Botany 93: 1206–1221. doi: 10.3732/ajb.93.8.1206 PubMed DOI

Mandáková T, Marhold K, Lysak MA. (2014) The widespread crucifer species Cardamine flexuosa is an allotetraploid with a conserved subgenomic structure. New Phytologist 201: 982–992. doi: 10.1111/nph.12567 PubMed DOI

Mansanet-Salvador CJ, Ferrer-Gallego PP, Ferrando I, Laguna E. (2015) Notas sobre el complejo taxonómico Cardamine flexuosa With. (Cruciferae) y su presencia en la Comunidad Valenciana. Flora Montiberica 59: 72–82. http://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/oaiart?codigo=5123731

Marhold K. (1994) Chromosome numbers of the genus Cardamine L. (Cruciferae) in the Carpathians and Pannonia. Phyton (Horn, Austria) 34: 19–34. http://www.zobodat.at/stable/pdf/PHY_34_1_0019-0034.pdf

Marhold K, Kempa M, Al-Shehbaz I. (2015) Lectotypification of names of Himalayan Brassicaceae taxa currently placed in the genus Cardamine. PhytoKeys 50: 9–23. doi: 10.3897/phytokeys.50.5080 PubMed DOI PMC

McNeill J, Barrie FR, Buck WR, Demoulin V, Greuter W, Hawksworth DL, Herendeen PS, Knapp S, Marhold K, Prado J, Prud’homme van Reine WF, Smith GF, Wiersema JH, Turland NJ. (2012) International Code of Nomenclature for Algae, Fungi, and Plants (Melbourne Code). Adopted by the Eighteenth International Botanical Congress Melbourne, Australia, July 2011 [Regnum Vegetabile 154]. Koeltz Scientific Books, Königstein, 240 pp.

Moritzi A. (1845–1846) Systematisches Verzeichniss der von H. Zollinger in den Jahren 1842–1844 auf Java gesammelten Pflanzen, nebst einer kurzen Beschreibung der neuen Gattungen und Arten. Druck von Fr. X. Zepfel, Solothurn, i-xii + 1–144.

Ohwi J. (1934) Plantae novae Japonicae. Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis 36: 39–58.

Post AR, Krings A, Xiang QY, Sosinski BR, Neal JC. (2009) Lectotypification of Cardamine flexuosa (Brassicaceae). Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas 3: 227–230. http://www.jstor.org/stable/41972157

Post AR, Ali R, Krings A, Xiang J, Sosinski BR, Neal JC. (2011) On the identity of the Weedy Bittercresses (Cardamine: Brassicaceae) in United States nurseries: Evidence from molecules and morphology. Weed Science 59: 123–135. doi: 10.1614/WS-D-10-00063.1 DOI

Rankin Rodríguez R, Greuter W. (2009) Brassicaceae. In: Greuter W, Rankin Rodríguez R. (Eds) Flora de la República de Cuba, serie A, Plantas Vasculares, Fascículo 15 AR Gantner Verlag KG, Ruggell, 1–51.

Rollins RC. (1993) The Cruciferae of Continental North America. Stanford University Press, Stanford, 996 pp.

Rosenbauer A. (2011) Ausgewählte Cardamine-Arten in Baden-Württemberg. Zentralstelle für die floristische Kartierung von Baden-Württemberg, Rosenstein, 1 p http://www.flora.naturkundemuseum-bw.de/BestimmungCardamine.pdf

Schulz OE. (1903) Monographie der Gattung Cardamine. Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 32: 280‒623.

Shrestha KK, Press JR. (2000) Catalogue of Type Specimens from Nepal. Natural History Museum, London, 123 pp.

Thompson IR. (1996) Cardamine. In: Walsh NG, Entwisle TJ. (Eds) Flora of Victoria, vol. 3 Inkata Press, Melbourne, 434–442.

Verloove F. (2013) New xenophytes from Gran Canaria (Canary Islands, Spain), with emphasis on naturalized and (potentially) invasive species. Collectanea Botanica 32: 59–82. doi: 10.3989/collectbot.2013.v32.006 DOI

Verloove F, Ardenghi NMG. (2015) New distributional records of non-native vascular plants in northern Italy. Natural History Sciences. Atti della Societa Italiana di Scienze Naturali e del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Milano 2: 5–14. doi: 10.4081/nhs.2015.219 DOI

Verloove F, Gullón ES. (2012) New records of interesting vascular plants (mainly xenophytes) in the Iberian Peninsula. II. Flora Mediterranea 22: 5–24. doi: 10.7320/FlMedit22.005 DOI

Verloove F, Reyes-Betancort JA. (2011) Additions to the flora of Tenerife (Canary Islands, Spain). Collectanea Botanica 30: 63–78. doi: 10.3989/collectbot.2011.v30.007 DOI

Withering W. (1796) An Arrangement of British Plants, vol. 3 Ed. 3 M. Swiney, Birmingham, 513–920.

Zhou TY, Lu LL, Yang G, Al-Shehbaz IA. (2001) Brassicaceae. In: Wu ZY, Raven PH. (Eds) Flora of China, vol. 8 Science Press & Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing & St. Louis, 1–193.

Yatsu Y, Kachi N, Kudoh H. (2003) Ecological distribution and phenology of an invasive species, Cardamine hirsuta L., and its native counterpart, Cardamine flexuosa With., in central Japan. Plant Species Biology 18: 35–42. doi: 10.1046/j.1442-1984.2003.00086.x DOI

The story of promiscuous crucifers: origin and genome evolution of an invasive species, Cardamine occulta (Brassicaceae), and its relatives