UNLABELLED: Familial neurohypophyseal diabetes insipidus (FNDI) is a rare hereditary disorder with unknown prevalence characterized by arginine-vasopressin hormone (AVP) deficiency resulting in polyuria and polydipsia from early childhood. We report the clinical manifestation and genetic test results in seven unrelated kindreds of Czech or Slovak origin with FNDI phenotype. The age of the sign outset ranged from 2 to 17 years with remarkable interfamilial and intrafamilial variability. Inconclusive result of the fluid deprivation test in three children aged 7 and 17 years old might cause misdiagnosis; however, the AVP gene analysis confirmed the FNDI. The seven families segregated together five different mutations, two of them were novel (c.164C > A, c.298G > C). In addition, DNA analysis proved mutation carrier status in one asymptomatic 1-year-old infant. CONCLUSIONS: The present study together with previously published data identified 38 individuals with FNDI in the studied population of 16 million which predicts a disease prevalence of 1:450,000 for the Central European region. The paper underscores that diagnostic water deprivation test may be inconclusive in polyuric children with partial diabetes insipidus and points to the clinical importance and feasibility of molecular genetic testing for AVP gene mutations in the proband and her/his first degree relatives. WHAT IS KNOWN: • At least 70 different mutations were reported to date in about 100 families with neurohypophyseal diabetes insipidus (FNDI), and new mutations appear sporadically. What is New: • Two novel mutations of the AVP gene are reported • The importance of molecular testing in children with polyuria and inconclusive water deprivation test is emphasized.

2nd Department of Pediatrics Faculty of Medicine Comenius University in Bratislava and University Children's Hospital Bratislava Limbová 1 833 40 Bratislava Slovakia

3rd Internal Clinic Clinic of Endocrinology and Metabolism 1st Faculty of Medicine Charles University Prague and General University Hospital Prague Kateřinská 32 121 08 Prague 2 Czech Republic

Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine 1st Faculty of Medicine Charles University Prague and General University Hospital Prague Kateřinská 32 121 08 Prague 2 Czech Republic

Department of Pediatrics County Hospital Levice SNP 19 934 01 Levice Slovakia

Department of Pediatrics of the University Children's Hospital in Motol and 2nd Faculty of Medicine of Charles University Prague 5 Úvalu 84 150 06 Prague 5 Czech Republic

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