Life span and aging are substantially modified by natural selection. Across species, higher extrinsic (environmentally related) mortality (and hence shorter life expectancy) selects for the evolution of more rapid aging. However, among populations within species, high extrinsic mortality can lead to extended life span and slower aging as a consequence of condition-dependent survival. Using within-species contrasts of eight natural populations of Nothobranchius fishes in common garden experiments, we demonstrate that populations originating from dry regions (with short life expectancy) had shorter intrinsic life spans and a greater increase in mortality with age, more pronounced cellular and physiological deterioration (oxidative damage, tumor load), and a faster decline in fertility than populations from wetter regions. This parallel intraspecific divergence in life span and aging was not associated with divergence in early life history (rapid growth, maturation) or pace-of-life syndrome (high metabolic rates, active behavior). Variability across four study species suggests that a combination of different aging and life-history traits conformed with or contradicted the predictions for each species. These findings demonstrate that variation in life span and functional decline among natural populations are linked, genetically underpinned, and can evolve relatively rapidly.

Department of Zoology Faculty of Sciences Charles University Prague Viničná 7 128 44 Praha Czech Republic

Fritz Lipmann Institute for Age Research Leibniz Institute Beutenbergstr 11 D 07745 Jena Germany

Institute of Vertebrate Biology Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic Květná 8 603 65 Brno Czech Republic

Laboratory of Medicinal Diagnostics Department of Organic Technology University of Chemistry and Technology Technická 5 166 28 Prague Czech Republic

Scuola Normale Superiore Department of Neurosciences Piazza dei Cavalieri 7 56126 Pisa Italy

References provided by Crossref.org

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Dryad
10.5061/dryad.4gv4g