PCR is a formidable and potent technology that serves as an indispensable tool in a wide range of biological disciplines. However, due to the ease of use and often lack of rigorous standards many PCR applications can lead to highly variable, inaccurate, and ultimately meaningless results. Thus, rigorous method validation must precede its broad adoption to any new application. Multi-template samples possess particular features, which make their PCR analysis prone to artifacts and biases: multiple homologous templates present in copy numbers that vary within several orders of magnitude. Such conditions are a breeding ground for chimeras and heteroduplexes. Differences in template amplification efficiencies and template competition for reaction compounds undermine correct preservation of the original template ratio. In addition, the presence of inhibitors aggravates all of the above-mentioned problems. Inhibitors might also have ambivalent effects on the different templates within the same sample. Yet, no standard approaches exist for monitoring inhibitory effects in multitemplate PCR, which is crucial for establishing compatibility between samples.

Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Allmas alle 5 75007 Uppsala Sweden

Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences Faculty of Sciences University of Copenhagen Thorvaldsensvej 40 DK 1871 Frederiksberg C Denmark

TATAA Biocenter Odinsgatan 28 41103 Göteborg Sweden; Institute of Biotechnology Czech Academy of Sciences

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Small RNA-Sequencing: Approaches and Considerations for miRNA Analysis

High-throughput analysis revealed mutations' diverging effects on SMN1 exon 7 splicing