Hyperlipoproteinemia (HLP) is one of the most common metabolic disorder in childhood. We assume that 20 % of children have a disorder of the lipid metabolism. Some HLP are very common in the population, and moderate, and some are very rare, but are very severe. These may occur secondary to pathological conditions, or are formed on the basis of the primary monogenic or polygenic disorders of lipid metabolism. The detection of children with HLP in the Czech Republic is either random, or more often by selective screening of children with familial history of cardiovascular disease, provided by general pediatric practitioners for children and adolescents. Treatment in childhood is primarily dietetic, some of them, especially children with familial hypercholesterolemia are treated from 8-10 years pharmacologically.Key words: diagnosis - hyperlipoproteinemia - children - treatment.