The rapid succession of the pandemic of arbovirus diseases, such as dengue, West Nile fever, chikungunya, and Zika fever, has intensified research on these and other arbovirus diseases worldwide. Investigating the unique mode of vector-borne transmission requires a clear understanding of the roles of vertebrates. One major obstacle to this understanding is the ambiguity of the arbovirus definition originally established by the World Health Organization. The paucity of pertinent information on arbovirus transmission at the time contributed to the notion that vertebrates played the role of reservoir in the arbovirus transmission cycle. Because this notion is a salient feature of the arbovirus definition, it is important to reexamine its validity. This review addresses controversial issues concerning vertebrate reservoirs and their role in arbovirus persistence in nature, examines the genesis of the problem from a historical perspective, discusses various unresolved issues from multiple points of view, assesses the present status of the notion in light of current knowledge, and provides options for a solution to resolve the issue.

Department of Virology University of Helsinki Haartmaninkatu 3 University of Helsinki 00014 Helsinki Finland

Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases PathWest Nedlands Western Australia 6009

Faculty of Medical Sciences Curtin University GPO Box U1987 Perth WA 6845 Australia

Formerly at the Division of Vector Borne Infectious Diseases Centers for Control and Prevention Fort Collins CO USA

Institute of Vertebrate Biology Academy of Sciences of Czech Republic 60365 Brno Czech Republic

Institute of Virology Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin Helmut Ruska Haus Chariteplatz 1 10117 Berlin Germany

Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases Duke NUS Medical School 8 College Rd Singapore 169857 Singapore

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