Four species of Mammomonogamus are known from large African herbivores. A recent study demonstrated that a single Mammomonogamus species was shared by both western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) and African forest elephants (Loxodonta cyclotis) in Central African Republic, suggesting lower species diversity than previously described in literature. We examined more than 500 fecal samples collected from sympatric African forest elephants, western lowland gorillas, and African forest buffaloes (Syncerus caffer nanus) at four study sites across Central Africa and examined them by coproscopic methods to detect Mammomonogamus eggs, which were found at three of the study sites. Subsequently, sequences of 18S rDNA, 28S rDNA, and cox1 amplified from individual eggs were analyzed. Phylogenetic analyses of both nuclear and mitochondrial DNA revealed two clades: one formed by sequences originating from Gabonese buffaloes and the other comprising gorillas and elephants. The gorilla-elephant clade was further differentiated depending on the locality. We show the existence of at least two distinct species of Mammomonogamus, M. loxodontis in elephants and gorillas and M. nasicola in buffaloes. The available information on Mammomonogamus in African herbivores is reviewed.

Central European Institute for Technology University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Palackého tř 1946 1 612 42 Brno Czech Republic

Department of Pathology and Parasitology Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno Palackého tř 1946 1 612 42 Brno Czech Republic

Department of Virology Veterinary Research Institute Hudcova 296 70 621 00 Brno Czech Republic

Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics University of Ulm Albert Einstein Allee 11 89069 Ulm Germany

Institute of Parasitology Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences Branišovská 31 370 05 České Budějovice Czech Republic

Institute of Vertebrate Biology Czech Academy of Sciences Květná 8 603 65 Brno Czech Republic

Liberec Zoo Lidové sady 425 1 460 01 Liberec Czech Republic

Projet Grands Singes Centre for Research and Conservation Royal Zoological Society of Antwerp Koningin Astridplein 20 26 2018 Antwerpen Belgium

Universidade Estadual Paulista UNESP Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias Câmpus de Jaboticabal Via de Acesso Prof Paulo Donato Castelane S N Jaboticabal SP 14884 900 Brazil

Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science School UNESP São Paulo State University Rua Prof Doutor Walter Mauricio Correa S N Botucatu São Paulo 18618 000 Brazil

WWF Dzanga Sangha Protected Areas BP 1053 Bangui Central African Republic

WWF Kudu Zumbo Programme Campo Cameroon

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