Here we assess the impact of geographically dependent (latitude, longitude, and altitude) changes in bioclimatic (temperature, precipitation, and primary productivity) variability on fungal fruiting phenology across Europe. Two main nutritional guilds of fungi, saprotrophic and ectomycorrhizal, were further separated into spring and autumn fruiters. We used a path analysis to investigate how biogeographic patterns in fungal fruiting phenology coincided with seasonal changes in climate and primary production. Across central to northern Europe, mean fruiting varied by approximately 25 d, primarily with latitude. Altitude affected fruiting by up to 30 d, with spring delays and autumnal accelerations. Fruiting was as much explained by the effects of bioclimatic variability as by their large-scale spatial patterns. Temperature drove fruiting of autumnal ectomycorrhizal and saprotrophic groups as well as spring saprotrophic groups, while primary production and precipitation were major drivers for spring-fruiting ectomycorrhizal fungi. Species-specific phenology predictors were not stable, instead deviating from the overall mean. There is significant likelihood that further climatic change, especially in temperature, will impact fungal phenology patterns at large spatial scales. The ecological implications are diverse, potentially affecting food webs (asynchrony), nutrient cycling and the timing of nutrient availability in ecosystems.

Bavarian Forest National Park Freyunger Street 2 D 94481 Grafenau Germany

Centre for Macroecology Evolution and Climate Natural History Museum of Denmark University of Copenhagen DK 2100 Copenhagen Denmark

Chair for Terrestrial Ecology Technical University of Munich Hans Carl von Carlowitz Platz 2 85354 Freising Germany

Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research University of Vienna A 1030 Vienna Austria

Department of Geography University of Cambridge Cambridge CB2 3EN United Kingdom

Department of Soil Quality Wageningen University PO Box 47 6700 AA Wageningen The Netherlands

Forestry and Forest Resources Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research Fanaflaten 4 N 5244 Fana Norway

Global Change Research Centre Masaryk University 613 00 Brno Czech Republic

Mycology Section Jodrell Laboratory Royal Botanic Garden Kew Surrey TW9 3DS United Kingdom

School of Biological Sciences Royal Holloway University of London Egham Surrey TW20 0EX United Kingdom

School of Biosciences Cardiff University Sir Martin Evans Building Museum Avenue Cardiff CF10 3AX United Kingdom

Section for Genetics and Evolutionary Biology University of Oslo Blindernveien 31 0316 Oslo Norway

Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL CH 8903 Birmensdorf Switzerland

Citace poskytuje Crossref.org

Fungal communities in soils under global change

Open-source data reveal how collections-based fungal diversity is sensitive to global change