PREMISE OF THE STUDY: Fungal diversity (richness) trends at large scales are in urgent need of investigation, especially through novel situations that combine long-term observational with environmental and remotely sensed open-source data. METHODS: We modeled fungal richness, with collections-based records of saprotrophic (decaying) and ectomycorrhizal (plant mutualistic) fungi, using an array of environmental variables across geographical gradients from northern to central Europe. Temporal differences in covariables granted insight into the impacts of the shorter- versus longer-term environment on fungal richness. RESULTS: Fungal richness varied significantly across different land-use types, with highest richness in forests and lowest in urban areas. Latitudinal trends supported a unimodal pattern in diversity across Europe. Temperature, both annual mean and range, was positively correlated with richness, indicating the importance of seasonality in increasing richness amounts. Precipitation seasonality notably affected saprotrophic fungal diversity (a unimodal relationship), as did daily precipitation of the collection day (negatively correlated). Ectomycorrhizal fungal richness differed from that of saprotrophs by being positively associated with tree species richness. DISCUSSION: Our results demonstrate that fungal richness is strongly correlated with land use and climate conditions, especially concerning seasonality, and that ongoing global change processes will affect fungal richness patterns at large scales.

Bavarian Forest National Park Freyunger Str 2 94481 Grafenau Germany

Centre for Macroecology Evolution and Climate Natural History Museum of Denmark University of Copenhagen DK 2100 Copenhagen Denmark

Chair for Terrestrial Ecology Technical University of Munich Hans Carl von Carlowitz Platz 2 85354 Freising Germany

Department of Biological Sciences University of Bergen P O Box 7803 N 5020 Bergen Norway

Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research University of Vienna 1030 Vienna Austria

Department of Geography University of Cambridge CB2 3EN Cambridge United Kingom

Department of Soil Quality Wageningen University P O Box 47 6700 AA Wageningen The Netherlands

Forestry and Forest Resources Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research Fanaflaten 4 N 5244 Fana Norway

Global Change Research Centre and Masaryk University 613 00 Brno Czech Republic

Mycology Section Jodrell Laboratory Royal Botanic Garden Kew Richmond Surrey TW9 3DS United Kingdom

School of Biological Sciences Royal Holloway University of London Egham Surrey TW20 0EX United Kingdom

School of Biosciences Cardiff University Museum Avenue Cardiff CF10 3AX United Kingdom

Section for Genetics and Evolutionary Biology University of Oslo Blindernveien 31 0316 Oslo Norway

Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL CH 8903 Birmensdorf Switzerland

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Predicted climate change will increase the truffle cultivation potential in central Europe