Invasive alien species are a major driver of global environmental change and a range of management interventions are needed to manage their effects on biodiversity, ecosystem services, human well-being and local livelihoods. Stakeholder engagement is widely advocated to integrate diverse knowledge and perspectives in the management of invasive species and to deal with potential conflicts of interest. We reviewed the literature in the ISI Web of Science on stakeholder engagement (the process of involving stakeholders (actors) in decision making, management actions and knowledge creation) in invasion science to assess and understand what has been done (looking at approaches and methodologies used, stakeholders involved, and outcomes from engagement) and to make recommendations for future work. Research on stakeholder engagement in invasion science has increased over the last decade, helping to improve scientific knowledge and contributing towards policy formulation and co-implementation of management. However, many challenges remain and engagement could be made more effective. For example, most studies engage only one stakeholder group passively using questionnaires, primarily for assessing local knowledge and perceptions. Although useful for management and policy planning, these stakeholders are not active participants and there is no two-way flow of knowledge. To make stakeholder involvement more useful, we encourage more integrative and collaborative engagement to (1) improve co-design, co-creation and co-implementation of research and management actions; (2) promote social learning and provide feedback to stakeholders; (3) enhance collaboration and partnerships beyond the natural sciences and academia (interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary collaboration); and (4) discuss some practical and policy suggestions for improving stakeholder engagement in invasion science research and management. This will help facilitate different stakeholders to work better together, allowing problems associated with biological invasions to be tackled more holistically and successfully.

Centre for Agroecology Water and Resilience Coventry University Coventry United Kingdom

Centre for Functional Ecology Department of Life Sciences University of Coimbra Calçada Martim de Freitas 3000 456 Coimbra Portugal

Centre for Functional Ecology Department of Life Sciences University of Coimbra Calçada Martim de Freitas 3000 456 Coimbra Portugal; Escola Superior Agrária Instituto Politécnico de Coimbra Bencanta 3045 601 Coimbra Portugal

Centre for Invasion Biology Department of Botany and Zoology Stellenbosch University Matieland 7602 South Africa

Centre for Invasion Biology Department of Botany and Zoology Stellenbosch University Matieland 7602 South Africa; Institute of Botany The Czech Academy of Sciences Department of Invasion Ecology CZ 252 43 Průhonice Czech Republic; Invasive Species Programme South African National Biodiversity Institute Kirstenbosch Research Centre Private Bag x7 Claremont 7735 South Africa

Centre for Invasion Biology Department of Botany and Zoology Stellenbosch University Matieland 7602 South Africa; School of Environment Resources and Sustainability University of Waterloo Waterloo Ontario N2L3G1 Canada; Institute of Geography and Sustainability University of Lausanne 1015 Lausanne Switzerland

Centre of Applied Ecology and Sustainability Departamento de Ecología Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile O'Higgins 340 Santiago Chile

CSIRO Land and Water Flagship GPO Box 1700 Canberra ACT 2601 Australia

Department of Agriculture University of Sassari 07100 Sassari Italy

Directorate of Biological Invasions South African National Biodiversity Institute Pretoria National Botanical Garden 2 Cussonia Avenue Brummeria Silverton Pretoria South Africa

Institute for Nature and Forest Research Brussels Belgium

School of Environment Resources and Sustainability University of Waterloo Waterloo Ontario N2L3G1 Canada

School of Natural and Environmental Sciences HEFCE N8 Agri Food Resilience Programme Institute for Agri Food Research and Innovation and Centre for Rural Economy Newcastle University NE1 7RU United Kingdom

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