Biological invasions are a major threat to biodiversity, ecosystem functioning and nature's contributions to people worldwide. However, the effectiveness of invasive alien species (IAS) management measures and the progress toward achieving biodiversity targets remain uncertain due to limited and nonuniform data availability. Management success is usually assessed at a local level and documented in technical reports, often written in languages other than English, which makes such data notoriously difficult to collect at large geographic scales. Here we present the first European assessment of how managers perceive trends in IAS and the effectiveness of management measures to mitigate biological invasions. We developed a structured questionnaire translated into 18 languages and disseminated it to local and regional managers of IAS in Europe. We received responses from 1928 participants from 41 European countries, including 24 European Union (EU) Member States. Our results reveal substantial efforts in IAS monitoring and control, with invasive plants being the primary focus. Yet, there is a general perception of an increase in the numbers, occupied areas, and impacts of IAS across environment and taxonomic groups, particularly plants, over time. This perceived increase is consistent across both EU and non-EU countries, with respondents from EU countries demonstrating more certainty in their responses. Our results also indicate a lack of data on alien vertebrates and invertebrates, reflecting a need for more targeted monitoring and knowledge sharing between managers and policymakers and between countries. Overall, our study suggests that Europe's current strategies are insufficient to substantially reduce IAS by 2030 and hence to meet the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework target.

Belgian Biodiversity Platform Service Public de Wallonie Namur Belgium

Berlin Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research Berlin Germany

Bieler School of Environment McGill University Montreal Quebec Canada

Biodiversity Management and Conservation Programme Forest Science and Technology Centre of Catalonia Solsona Spain

Catalan Institute for Water Research Girona Spain

Centre for Ecology and Conservation University of Exeter Penryn UK

Centre National de Recherche Scientifique AgroParisTech Ecologie Systématique Evolution Université Paris Saclay Gif Sur Yvette France

Departament de Ciències Ambientals Facultat de Ciències Universitat de Girona Girona Spain

Departament de Geografia Universitat de Girona Girona Spain

Department of Animal Ecology and Systematics Justus Liebig University Giessen Giessen Germany

Department of Biological Sciences University of Bergen Bergen Norway

Department of Biology McGill University Montreal Quebec Canada

Department of Biology University of Florence Sesto Fiorentino Italy

Department of Biology University of Fribourg Fribourg Switzerland

Department of Business and Sustainability University of Southern Denmark Business School Esbjerg Denmark

Department of Community Ecology Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research UFZ Halle Germany

Department of Ecology Faculty of Science Charles University Prague Czech Republic

Department of Evolution Ecology and Behaviour Institute of Infection Veterinary and Ecological Sciences University of Liverpool Liverpool UK

Department of Life Sciences Centre for Functional Ecology Associate Laboratory TERRA University of Coimbra Coimbra Portugal

Department of Marine Sciences University of the Aegean Mytilene Greece

Department of Plant Biology and Ecology University of Sevilla Sevilla Spain

Division of BioInvasions Global Change and Macroecology Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research University of Vienna Vienna Austria

Ecology Department Alicante University Alicante Spain

Estación Biológica de Doñana Sevilla Spain

European Commission Joint Research Centre Ispra Italy

Facultat de Turisme Universitat de Girona Girona Spain

Faculty of Science University of Zagreb Zagreb Croatia

Geobotany and Botanical Garden Martin Luther University Halle Wittenberg Halle Germany

German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research Halle Jena Leipzig Leipzig Germany

Institute of Biology Biotechnology and Environmental Protection University of Silesia in Katowice Katowice Poland

Institute of Biology Freie Universität Berlin Berlin Germany

Institute of Botany Czech Academy of Sciences Průhonice Czech Republic

Institute of Ecology and Evolution the University of Edinburgh King's Buildings Edinburgh UK

Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología CSIC Zaragoza Spain

IUCN SSC Invasive Species Specialist Group Rome Italy

Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries Berlin Germany

MARE Centro de Ciências do Mar e do Ambiente Faculdade de Ciências Universidade de Lisboa Lisbon Portugal

National Biodiversity Data Centre Waterford Ireland

Natural Resources Institute Finland Helsinki Finland

Natural Resources Institute Finland Jokioinen Finland

Ovidius University of Constanta Constanta Romania

Research Institute for Nature and Forest Brussels Belgium

Slovenian Forestry Institute Ljubljana Slovenia

Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Southern Swedish Forest Research Centre Alnarp Sweden

UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology Wallingford UK

Université de Bretagne Occidentale AMURE IUEM Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer Plouzané France

West Iceland Nature Research Centre Stykkishólmur Iceland

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