While the regional distribution of non-native species is increasingly well documented for some taxa, global analyses of non-native species in local assemblages are still missing. Here, we use a worldwide collection of assemblages from five taxa - ants, birds, mammals, spiders and vascular plants - to assess whether the incidence, frequency and proportions of naturalised non-native species depend on type and intensity of land use. In plants, assemblages of primary vegetation are least invaded. In the other taxa, primary vegetation is among the least invaded land-use types, but one or several other types have equally low levels of occurrence, frequency and proportions of non-native species. High land use intensity is associated with higher non-native incidence and frequency in primary vegetation, while intensity effects are inconsistent for other land-use types. These findings highlight the potential dual role of unused primary vegetation in preserving native biodiversity and in conferring resistance against biological invasions.

Biodiversity and Biocomplexity Unit Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University Onna Okinawa 904 0495 Japan

Biodiversity Macroecology and Biogeography University of Göttingen Büsgenweg 1 D 37077 Göttingen Germany

Campus Institut Data Science University of Göttingen Goldschmidtstraße 1 D 37077 Göttingen Germany

Centre for Biodiversity and Environment Research Department of Genetics Evolution and Environment University College London London UK

Centre of Biodiversity and Sustainable Land Use University of Göttingen Büsgenweg 1 D 37077 Göttingen Germany

Centro de Estudos Geográficos Instituto de Geografia e Ordenamento do Território da Universidade de Lisboa Lisboa Portugal

Czech Academy of Sciences Institute of Botany Department of Invasion Ecology CZ 252 43 Průhonice Czech Republic

Department of Arctic Biology UNIS The University Centre in Svalbard 9171 Longyearbyen Norway

Department of Biosciences Durham University South Road Durham DH1 3LE UK

Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research University of Vienna Rennweg 14 1030 Vienna Austria

Department of Ecology Faculty of Science Charles University Viničná 7 CZ 128 44 Prague Czech Republic

Department of Life Sciences Imperial College London Ascot SL5 7PY UK

Department of Life Sciences Natural History Museum London SW7 5BD UK

Ecology Department of Biology University of Konstanz Universitätsstrasse 10 D 78457 Konstanz Germany

German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research Halle Jena Leipzig Leipzig Germany

Global Mammal Assessment programme Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie Charles Darwin Sapienza Università di Roma Rome Italy

Insect Biodiversity and Biogeography Laboratory School of Biological Sciences The University of Hong Kong Pok Fu Lam Rd Lung Fu Shan Hong Kong SAR China

Institute of Ecology and Evolution University of Bern Baltzerstrasse 6 CH 3012 Bern Switzerland

Institute of Zoology Zoological Society of London London UK

Invasion Science and Wildlife Ecology Lab School of Biological Sciences The University of Adelaide Adelaide SA 5005 Australia

Laboratório Associado TERRA Tapada da Ajuda 1349 017 Lisboa Portugal

National Research Council of Italy Institute for Bioeconomy Via dei Taurini 19 Rome Italy

Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study Harvard University Cambridge MA 02138 USA

Research Department of Genetics Evolution and Environment University College London London UK

Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre Senckenberganlage 25 60325 Frankfurt Germany

UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology Wallingford UK

Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Taizhou University Taizhou 318000 China

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Management Measures and Trends of Biological Invasions in Europe: A Survey-Based Assessment of Local Managers

Global proliferation of nonnative plants is a major driver of insect invasions