Biological invasions are a global consequence of an increasingly connected world and the rise in human population size. The numbers of invasive alien species - the subset of alien species that spread widely in areas where they are not native, affecting the environment or human livelihoods - are increasing. Synergies with other global changes are exacerbating current invasions and facilitating new ones, thereby escalating the extent and impacts of invaders. Invasions have complex and often immense long-term direct and indirect impacts. In many cases, such impacts become apparent or problematic only when invaders are well established and have large ranges. Invasive alien species break down biogeographic realms, affect native species richness and abundance, increase the risk of native species extinction, affect the genetic composition of native populations, change native animal behaviour, alter phylogenetic diversity across communities, and modify trophic networks. Many invasive alien species also change ecosystem functioning and the delivery of ecosystem services by altering nutrient and contaminant cycling, hydrology, habitat structure, and disturbance regimes. These biodiversity and ecosystem impacts are accelerating and will increase further in the future. Scientific evidence has identified policy strategies to reduce future invasions, but these strategies are often insufficiently implemented. For some nations, notably Australia and New Zealand, biosecurity has become a national priority. There have been long-term successes, such as eradication of rats and cats on increasingly large islands and biological control of weeds across continental areas. However, in many countries, invasions receive little attention. Improved international cooperation is crucial to reduce the impacts of invasive alien species on biodiversity, ecosystem services, and human livelihoods. Countries can strengthen their biosecurity regulations to implement and enforce more effective management strategies that should also address other global changes that interact with invasions.

Berlin Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research Königin Luise Str 2 4 Berlin 14195 Germany

Bio Protection Research Centre Lincoln University Canterbury New Zealand

Centre for Biodiversity and Environment Research Department of Genetics Evolution and Environment University College London London WC1E 6BT U K

Centre for Invasion Biology Department of Botany and Zoology Stellenbosch University Matieland 7602 South Africa

Conservation Services South African National Parks Private Bag X402 Skukuza 1350 South Africa

Czech Academy of Sciences Institute of Botany Department of Invasion Ecology Průhonice CZ 252 43 Czech Republic

Department Community Ecology Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research UFZ Theodor Lieser Str 4 Halle 06120 Germany

Department of Biological Sciences University of Toronto 1265 Military Trail Toronto Ontario M1C 1A4 Canada

Department of Biology University of Fribourg Fribourg Switzerland

Department of Biosciences Durham University South Road Durham DH1 3LE U K

Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Tennessee Knoxville TN U S A

Department of Ecology Faculty of Science Charles University Viničná 7 Prague CZ 128 44 Czech Republic

Department of Natural Resources Science The University of Rhode Island Kingston Rhode Island 02881 U S A

Department of Plant Biology and Ecology University of Sevilla Sevilla Spain

Division of Conservation Biology Vegetation and Landscape Ecology Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research University of Vienna Vienna Austria

Ecology Department of Biology University of Konstanz Universitätsstrasse 10 Constance 78457 Germany

Estación Biológica de Doñana Avd Américo Vespucio 26 Isla de la Cartuja Sevilla 41092 Spain

Facultad de Ciencias Forestales Universidad de Concepción Concepción Chile

Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences Czech University of Life Sciences Prague Prague CZ 165 00 Czech Republic

Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute University of Pretoria Pretoria South Africa

Geobotany and Botanical Garden Martin Luther University Halle Wittenberg Am Kirchtor 1 Halle 06108 Germany

German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research Halle Jena Leipzig Deutscher Platz 5e Leipzig 04103 Germany

Institute of Biology Freie Universität Berlin Königin Luise Str 1 3 Berlin 14195 Germany

Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity Santiago Chile

Institute of Zoology Zoological Society of London Regent's Park London NW1 4RY U K

ISPRA Institute for Environmental Protection and Research and Chair IUCN SSC Invasive Species Specialist Group Rome Italy

Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries Müggelseedamm 310 Berlin 12587 Germany

Maritime Studies Program Williams College Mystic Seaport 75 Greenmanville Mystic CT 06355 U S A

Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre Senckenberganlage 25 Frankfurt am Main 60325 Germany

U K Centre for Ecology and Hydrology Wallingford OX10 8BB U K

US Forest Service Northern Research Station 180 Canfield St Morgantown West Virginia U S A

Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Taizhou University Taizhou 318000 China

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