The introduction of non-native aquatic species has fundamentally transformed aquatic assemblages, primarily due to human activities, such as aquaculture, fisheries enhancement, aquarium trade, the creation of artificial corridors, and deliberate and accidental releases. Despite growing concern for biological invasions, there is no overall global appraisal of successful non-native fishes. This study compiled a comprehensive dataset from several global sources to examine the taxonomic diversity, geographical distribution, introduction pathways, and ecological impacts of non-native freshwater and marine fishes. Our dataset includes 1535 established non-native fish species in 193 countries (82% of the global coverage), with Leuciscidae, Cichlidae, Salmonidae, and Cyprinidae being the most represented families. Although the incline in first reportings appears almost linear, annual reporting has been declining for decades, suggesting fish introduction rates are decreasing. The main introduction pathways are aquarium trade, aquaculture, fishery augmentation, and the creation of artificial corridors. The importance of introduction pathways substantially differed between freshwater species (primarily the aquarium trade and aquaculture) and marine species (corridors). While extensive records exist for hundreds of non-native fish species, information on their impact types and impact mechanisms remains available only for a third of these species, highlighting broad knowledge deficiencies. Available impact information indicates that non-native fish species may threaten native biodiversity through primarily competition and predation as dominant mechanisms. The magnitude of highest-risk invasions suggests remediation is possible through urgent proactive policy and management interventions. This comprehensive global evaluation of established fish species and their ecological effects thus addresses critical data deficiencies, strengthens risk assessment frameworks, and supports the development of targeted biosecurity policies on priority pathways, approaches essential for helping mitigate the environmental and economic impacts of non-native fish introductions.

CAMB Center for Applied Mathematics and Bioinformatics Gulf University for Science and Technology Mubarak Al Abdullah Kuwait

Department of Basic Sciences Faculty of Fisheries Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University Muğla Türkiye

Department of Ecology and Vertebrate Zoology Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection University of Lodz Lodz Poland

Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences University of Ferrara Ferrara Italy

Department of Life and Environmental Sciences Faculty of Science and Technology Bournemouth University Poole Dorset UK

Department of Marine Sciences University of the Aegean Mytilene Greece

Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice Vodňany Czech Republic

GEOMAR Helmholtz Zentrum für Ozeanforschung Kiel Kiel Germany

Graduate Program in Ecology Federal University of Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro Brazil

GRECO Institute of Aquatic Ecology University of Girona Girona Catalonia Spain

Mapua Malayan Colleges Mindanao Davao Philippines

Marine and Inland Waters Sciences and Technology Department Faculty of Fisheries Ege University Bornova İzmir Türkiye

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