Standardised terminology in science is important for clarity of interpretation and communication. In invasion science - a dynamic and rapidly evolving discipline - the proliferation of technical terminology has lacked a standardised framework for its development. The result is a convoluted and inconsistent usage of terminology, with various discrepancies in descriptions of damage and interventions. A standardised framework is therefore needed for a clear, universally applicable, and consistent terminology to promote more effective communication across researchers, stakeholders, and policymakers. Inconsistencies in terminology stem from the exponential increase in scientific publications on the patterns and processes of biological invasions authored by experts from various disciplines and countries since the 1990s, as well as publications by legislators and policymakers focusing on practical applications, regulations, and management of resources. Aligning and standardising terminology across stakeholders remains a challenge in invasion science. Here, we review and evaluate the multiple terms used in invasion science (e.g. 'non-native', 'alien', 'invasive' or 'invader', 'exotic', 'non-indigenous', 'naturalised', 'pest') to propose a more simplified and standardised terminology. The streamlined framework we propose and translate into 28 other languages is based on the terms (i) 'non-native', denoting species transported beyond their natural biogeographic range, (ii) 'established non-native', i.e. those non-native species that have established self-sustaining populations in their new location(s) in the wild, and (iii) 'invasive non-native' - populations of established non-native species that have recently spread or are spreading rapidly in their invaded range actively or passively with or without human mediation. We also highlight the importance of conceptualising 'spread' for classifying invasiveness and 'impact' for management. Finally, we propose a protocol for classifying populations based on (i) dispersal mechanism, (ii) species origin, (iii) population status, and (iv) impact. Collectively and without introducing new terminology, the framework that we present aims to facilitate effective communication and collaboration in invasion science and management of non-native species.

AMURE Aménagement des Usages des Ressources et des Espaces marins et littoraux UMR 6308 Université de Bretagne Occidentale IUEM Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer rue Dumont d'Urville Plouzané 29280 France

Aquatic Systems Research Group School of Biology and Environmental Sciences University of Mpumalanga Cnr R40 and D725 Roads Nelspruit 1200 South Africa

Área Biodiversidad y Conservación Museo Nacional de Historia Natural Miguelete 1825 Montevideo 11800 Uruguay

Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Australian Biodiversity and Heritage Wollongong New South Wales Australia

Biological and Environmental Sciences University of Stirling Stirling FK9 4LA UK

Biology Group School of Arts and Sciences Azim Premji University Bhopal Madhya Pradesh 462010 India

Center for Applied Mathematics and Bioinformatics Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences Gulf University for Science and Technology Mubarak Al Abdullaj Area Hawally 32093 Kuwait

Centre d'Économie de l'Environnement Montpellier Université de Montpellier Centre national de la recherche scientifique Institut national de recherche pour l'agriculture l'alimentation et l'environnement Institut Agro Avenue Agropolis Montpellier 34090 France

Centre for Biodiversity Genomics University of Guelph 50 Stone Road East Guelph Ontario N1G 2W1 Canada

Centre for Invasion Biology Department of Botany and Zoology Stellenbosch University Stellenbosch South Africa

Centre for Sustainability University of Otago 563 Castle Street North Dunedin North Aotearoa Dunedin 9016 New Zealand

Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Cambio Global 28049 Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Madrid Spain

Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology Wuhan Botanical Garden Chinese Academy of Sciences Wuhan 430074 China

College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences Huazhong Agricultural University F9F4 6FV Dangui Rd Hongshan Wuhan 430070 China

Departamento de Ecologia e Conservação Instituto de Ciências Naturais Universidade Federal de Lavras Lavras 37203 202 Brazil

Departamento de Ecología Facultad de Ciencias Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Edificio de Biología Darwin 2 28049 Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Madrid Spain

Department of Agricultural Sciences University of Sassari Viale Italia 39 A Sassari 07100 Italy

Department of Basic Sciences Faculty of Fisheries Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University Kötekli Menteşe Muğla 48000 Turkey

Department of Biology and Biochemistry University of Houston Science and Research Building 2 3455 Cullen Blvd Houston TX 77204 5001 USA

Department of Biology Faculty of Science Hacettepe University Beytepe Campus Ankara 06800 Turkey

Department of Business and Sustainability University of Southern Denmark Degnevej 14 Esbjerg 6705 Denmark

Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences University of Pavia Via S Epifanio 14 Pavia 27100 Italy

Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Tennessee Knoxville TN 37996 USA

Department of Ecology and Vertebrate Zoology Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection University of Lodz Banacha 12 16 Lodz 90 237 Poland

Department of Ecoscience Aarhus University C F Møllers Allé 4 8 Aarhus 8000 Denmark

Department of Entomology Phytopathology and Physiology Ukrainian Research Institute of Forestry and Forest Melioration Pushkinska 86 Kharkiv UA 61024 Ukraine

Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Hydrobiology Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection University of Lodz Banacha 12 16 Łódź 90 237 Poland

Department of Landscape Architecture and Horticulture University of Belgrade Faculty of Forestry Belgrade Serbia

Department of Life and Environmental Sciences Faculty of Science and Technology Bournemouth University Fern Barrow Poole Dorset BH12 5BB UK

Department of River Ecology and Conservation Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum Frankfurt Clamecystraße 12 Gelnhausen 63571 Germany

Department of Systematic Zoology and Ecology Institute of Biology ELTE Eötvös Loránd University Pázmány Péter Ave 1 C Budapest H 1117 Hungary

Department of Zoology and Fisheries Faculty of Agrobiology Food and Natural Resources Czech University of Life Sciences Prague Kamýcká 129 Suchdol Prague 16500 Czech Republic

Escuela de Ciencias Ambientales Universidad Espíritu Santo Km 2 5 Vía La Puntilla Samborondón 091650 Ecuador

European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization 21 bd Richard Lenoir Paris 75011 France

Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences Czech University of Life Sciences Prague Kamýcká 1283 Suchdol Prague 16500 Czech Republic

Finnish Museum of Natural History University of Helsinki Pohjoinen Rautatiekatu 13 Helsinki 00100 Finland

Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute 1 Matsunosato Tsukuba Ibaraki 305 8687 Japan

Freie Universität Berlin Institute of Biology Königin Luise Straße 1 3 Berlin 14195 Germany

GEOMAR Helmholtz Zentrum für Ozeanforschung Kiel Wischhofstraße 1 3 Kiel 24148 Germany

Global Ecology Partuyarta Ngadluku Wardli Kuu College of Science and Engineering Flinders University GPO Box 2100 Adelaide 5001 South Australia Australia

Great Lakes Laboratory for Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences Fisheries and Oceans Canada 867 Lakeshore Rd Burlington Ontario ON L7S 1A1 Canada

GRECO Institute of Aquatic Ecology University of Girona Maria Aurèlia Capmany 69 Girona Catalonia 17003 Spain

Grupo de Ecología en Ambientes Costeros Instituto de Biología de Organismos Marinos Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas Boulevard Brown 2915 Puerto Madryn U9120ACD Argentina

Grupo de Ecología en Ambientes Costeros Instituto Patagónico para el Estudio de los Ecosistemas Continentales Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas Centro Nacional Patagónico Boulevard Brown 2915 Puerto Madryn Chubut U9120ACD Argentina

Hochschule für Wirtschaft und Umwelt Nürtingen Geislingen Schelmenwasen 4 8 Nürtingen 72622 Germany

HUN REN Balaton Limnological Research Institute Klebelsberg Kuno 3 Tihany H 8237 Hungary

Institut de Systématique Évolution Biodiversité Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle Centre national de la recherche scientifique École Pratique des Hautes Études Sorbonne Université Université des Antilles 45 Rue Buffon Entomologie Paris 75005 France

Institute for Global Food Security School of Biological Sciences Queen's University Belfast 19 Chlorine Gardens Belfast BT9 5DL UK

Institute of Biology Freie Universität Berlin Königin Luise Str 1 3 Berlin 14195 Germany

Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Ciudad Universitaria Coyoacan Mexico City 04510 Mexico

Instituto de Ecología Regional Universidad Nacional de Tucumán Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas CC34 4107 Yerba Buena Tucumán Argentina

Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad Casilla Postal 17 07 8982 Quito 170501 Ecuador

Instituto Politécnico Nacional Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala s n Col Santo Tomás C P 11340 Ciudad de México 11340 Mexico

Laboratory of Ecology and Conservation Department of Environmental Engineering Universidade Federal do Paraná Av Cel Francisco H dos Santos 100 Curitiba 81530 000 Brazil

Laboratory of Evolutionary Ecology of Hydrobionts Nature Research Centre Akademijos 2 Vilnius 08412 Lithuania

Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries Müggelseedamm 310 12587 Berlin Germany

Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries Müggelseedamm 310 Berlin 12587 Germany

Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre Aquatic Research Network Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa Campo Grande Lisboa 1749 016 Portugal

Marine and Inland Waters Sciences and Technology Department Faculty of Fisheries Ege University Bornova İzmir 35100 Turkey

Marine Policy Center Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution 266 Woods Hole Road Woods Hole MA 02543 USA

Modelling Evidence and Policy Group School of Natural and Environmental Sciences Newcastle University Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU UK

Molecular Ecology Group Water Research Institute National Research Council Corso Tonolli 50 Pallanza 28922 Italy

National Biodiversity Future Centre Piazza Marina 61 Palermo 90133 Italy

National Institute of Oceanography Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research P O Box 8030 Haifa 31080 Israel

Norwegian Institute for Water Research Njalsgade 76 Copenhagen S 2300 Denmark

Norwegian Institute for Water Research Økernveien 94 Oslo 0579 Norway

Ontario Tech University 2000 Simcoe St N Oshawa Ontario L1G 0C5 Canada

Posgrado en Hidrociencias Colegio de Postgraduados Carretera México Texcoco 36 5 km Montecillo Texcoco C P 56264 Mexico

Redpath Museum and Bieler School of Environment McGill University 859 Sherbrooke Street West Montréal Quebec Quebec H3A 0C4 Canada

Research Institute for Nature and Forest Havenlaan 88 Box 73 Brussels 1000 Belgium

Saint Petersburg State Forest Technical University Institutski Per 5 Saint Petersburg 194021 Russia

School of Biological Earth and Environmental Sciences University College Cork Cork T23 TK30 Republic of Ireland

School of Biological Sciences University of Auckland Private Bag 92019 Auckland 1142 New Zealand

School of Biology Faculty of Biological Sciences University of Leeds Leeds UK

School of Ocean Futures Center for Global Discovery and Conservation Science Arizona State University Hilo HI 96720 USA

Siberian Federal University Institute of Ecology and Geography 79 Svobodny pr Krasnoyarsk 660041 Russia

Slovak Environment Agency Tajovského 28 Banská Bystrica 975 90 Slovak Republic

Southern Indian Ocean Fisheries Agreement 13 Rue de Marseille Le Port La Réunion 97420 France

Steinhardt Museum of Natural History Tel Aviv University Klaunserstr 12 Tel Aviv Israel

Sukachev Institute of Forest Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences Federal Research Centre 'Krasnoyarsk Science Centre SB RAS' Akademgorodok 50 28 Krasnoyarsk 660036 Russia

Te Pūnaha Matatini National Centre of Research Excellence in Complex Systems University of Auckland Private Bag 29019 Aotearoa Auckland 1142 New Zealand

The Key Laboratory of Mariculture Ministry of Education College of Fisheries Ocean University of China 5 Yushan Road Qingdao 266005 China

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Université de Rennes Centre national de la recherche scientifique Écosystèmes biodiversité évolution Rennes 35000 France

University of Pécs Department of Hydrobiology Ifjúság 6 Pécs H 7673 Hungary

University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters South Bohemian Research Centre of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses Zátiší 728 2 389 25 Vodňany Czech Republic

University of Zagreb Faculty of Agriculture Department of Fisheries Apiculture Wildlife management and Special Zoology Svetošimunska cesta 25 Zagreb 10000 Croatia

Water Research Institute National Research Council Largo Tonolli 50 Verbania Pallanza 28922 Italy

Zoology Discipline School of Environmental and Rural Science University of New England Armidale New South Wales 2351 Australia

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