Biological invasions and human migrations have increased globally due to socio-economic drivers and environmental factors that have enhanced cultural, economic, and geographic connectivity. Both processes involve the movement, establishment, and spread of species, yet unfold within fundamentally different philosophical, social and biological contexts. Hence, studying biological invasions (invasion science) and human migration (migration studies) presents complex parallels that are potentially fruitful to explore. Here, we examined nuanced parallels and differences between these two phenomena, integrating historical, socio-political, and ethical perspectives. Our review underscores the need for context-specific approaches in policymaking and governance to address effectively the challenges and opportunities of human migration and harm from biological invasions. We suggest that approaches to studying the drivers of biological invasions and human migration provide an excellent opportunity for transdisciplinary research; one that acknowledges the complexities and potential insights from both fields of study. Ultimately, integrating natural and social sciences offers a promising avenue for enriching the understanding of invasion biology and migration dynamics while pursuing just, equitable, and sustainable solutions. However, while human migration is a clear driver of biological invasions, drawing on principles from biological invasions to understand past and current human migration risks oversimplification and the potential for harmful generalisations that disregard the intrinsic rights and cultural dynamics of human migrations. By doing so, we provide insights and frameworks to support the development of context-specific policies that respect human dignity, foster cultural diversity, and address migration challenges in ways that promote global cooperation and justice. This interdisciplinary approach highlights the potential for transdisciplinary research that acknowledges complexities in both fields, ultimately enriching our understanding of invasion biology and migration dynamics while pursuing equitable and sustainable solutions.

1 Cultiver Inc Manteca CA 95336 USA and AK Evolutionsbiologie Freiburg i Br 79104 Germany

CAMB Center for Applied Mathematics and Bioinformatics Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences Gulf University for Science and Technology Mubarak Al Abdullah Area West Mishref Hawally 32093 Kuwait

CAMB Center for Applied Mathematics and Bioinformatics Gulf University for Science and Technology Mubarak Al Abdullah Kuwait

CBMA Centre for Molecular and Environmental Biology ARNET Aquatic Research Network IB S Institute of Science and Innovation for Bio Sustainability Department of Biology University of Minho Campus Gualtar Braga 4710 057 Portugal

Centre for Sustainability University of Otago Dunedin New Zealand

Chaire de recherche sur les espèces aquatiques exploitées Université du Québec à Chicoutimi Chicoutimi Quebec G7H 2B1 Canada

Crayfish Research Centre Institute for Advanced Environmental Research West University of Timisoara Oituz 4 Timisoara 300086 Romania

Department of Basic Sciences Faculty of Fisheries Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University Muğla Türkiye

Department of Biological Sciences College of Science Research Center for the Natural and Applied Sciences The Graduate School University of Santo Tomas Manila Metro Manila 1008 Philippines

Department of Biology and Biochemistry University of Houston Houston TX 77204 USA

Department of Biology Faculty of Chemistry Biology Geography West University of Timisoara Pestalozzi 16A Timisoara 300115 Romania

Department of International Trade and Finance Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University Muğla Türkiye

Department of Life and Environmental Sciences Faculty of Science and Technology Bournemouth University Poole Dorset UK

Department of Public Administration Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University Muğla Türkiye

Department of River Ecology and Conservation Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Frankfurt am Main Frankfurt 60325 Germany

Department of Sociology Babeș Bolyai University Cluj Napoca Romania

Department of Sociology Center for Demography and Population Health Florida State University 609 Bellamy Building 113 Collegiate Loop Tallahassee Florida 32306 2240 USA

Department of Sociology Environmental and Business Economics University of Southern Denmark Degnevej 14 Esbjerg 6705 Denmark

Department of Zoology and Entomology Rhodes University Makhanda South Africa

Division of BioInvasions Global Change and Macroecology Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research University of Vienna Rennweg 14 Vienna 1030 Austria

Division of Fish and Wildlife Government of the Virgin Islands Frederiksted 6 0084 USA

Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice Vodňany 389 25 Czech Republic

GEOMAR Helmholtz Zentrum für Ozeanforschung Kiel Kiel 24148 Germany

GRECO Institute of Aquatic Ecology University of Girona Girona 17003 Spain

Grupo de Ecología de Poblaciones de Insectos IFAB San Carlos de Bariloche Río Negro Argentina

Grupo de Ecología en Ambientes Costeros Puerto Madryn Argentina

Institute for Global Food Security School of Biological Sciences Queen's University Belfast Belfast UK

Institute of Botany CAS Průhonice Czech Republic

KU Leuven Department of Biology Plant Conservation and Population Biology Heverlee Belgium

Laboratory for Integrative Biodiversity Research University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland

Molecular Ecology Group Largo Tonolli 50 Pallanza 28922 Italy

NBFC National Biodiversity Future Center Palermo 90133 Italy

Posgrado en Hidrociencias Colegio de Postgraduados Texcoco Estado de México Mexico

RAND Santa Monica CA USA

Research Institute for Nature and Forest Genetic Diversity Geraardsbergen Belgium

Research Institute for Nature and Forest Monitoring and Restoration of Aquatic Fauna Linkebeek Belgium

School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences University of Washington Seattle WA 98195 USA

School of Biological Sciences The University of Adelaide Adelaide South Australia 5005 Australia

School of Biological Sciences University of Auckland New Zealand

South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity Makhanda South Africa

UMR CNRS 6553 ECOBIO [Ecosystèmes biodiversité évolution] Université Rennes avenue Général Leclerc Rennes cedex 35042 France

Univ Brest Ifremer CNRS IRD UMR 6308 AMURE IUEM Plouzane F 29280 France

University of Lodz Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection Department of Ecology and Vertebrate Zoology Lodz 90 237 Poland

Zobrazit více v PubMed

Abramitzky, R. , Boustan, L. P. & Eriksson, K. (2014). A nation of immigrants: assimilation and economic outcomes in the age of mass migration. Journal of Political Economy 122, 467–506. PubMed PMC

Abrams, P. (1982). Historical Sociology. Cornell University Press, Cambridge UK: Open books.

Abreu, A. (2012). The new economics of labor migration: beware of neoclassicals bearing gifts. Forum for Social Economics 41, 46–67.

Achard, P. (2022). Ethnic enclaves and cultural assimilation. CentER Discussion Paper Nr. 2022‐011.

Achilli, L. (2016). Irregular migration to the EU and human smuggling in the Mediterranean: the nexus between organized crime and irregular migration. In IEMed Mediterranean Yearbook 2016: Mobility and Refugee Crisis in the Mediterranean (ed IEMed), pp. 98–103. IEMed, Barcelona.

Ackerman, B. (1980). Social Justice in the Liberal State. Yale University Press, New Haven, CT.

Adaçay, F. R. (2019). Socio‐economic causes and results of migration: the case of Turkey and migration of Syrians. International Journal of Recent Advances in Multidisciplinary Research 6, 5353–5358.

Alfonzetti, M. , Rivers, M. C. , Auld, T. D. , Le Breton, T. , Cooney, T. , Stuart, S. , Zimmer, H. , Makinson, R. , Wilkins, K. , Delgado, E. , Dimitrova, N. & Gallagher, R. V. (2020). Shortfalls in extinction risk assessments for plants. Australian Journal of Botany 68, 466–471.

Alpert, P. , Bone, E. & Holzapfel, C. (2000). Invasiveness, invasibility and the role of environmental stress in the spread of non‐native plants. Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics 3, 52–66.

Altemeyer‐Bartscher, M. , Holtemöller, O. , Lindner, A. , Schmalzbauer, A. & Zeddies, G. (2016). On the distribution of refugees in the EU. Intereconomics 51, 220–228.

Andersen, H. (2003). Slavic and the indo‐European migrations. In Language Contacts in Prehistory. Studies in Stratigraphy (Current Issues in Linguistic Theory 239). John Benjamins, Amsterdam–Philadelphia.

Anderson, T. R. (2006). Biology of the Ubiquitous House Sparrow: From Genes to Populations. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.

Andrés, J. , Czechowski, P. , Grey, E. , Saebi, M. , Andres, K. , Brown, C. , Chawla, N. , Corbett, J. J. , Brys, R. , Cassey, P. , Correa, N. , Deveney, M. R. , Egan, S. P. , Fisher, J. P. , vanden Hooff, R. , et al. (2023). Environment and shipping drive environmental DNA beta‐diversity among commercial ports. Molecular Ecology 32, 6696–6709. PubMed

Anghel, R. G. (2012). On successfulness: how national models of integration policies shape migrants' incorporation. Journal of Immigrant & Refugee Studies 10, 319–337.

Archdeacon, T. J. (1984). Becoming American. Simon and Schuster. New York City, US.

Arcimaviciene, L. & Baglama, S. H. (2018). Migration, metaphor and myth in media representations: the ideological dichotomy of ‘Them’ and ‘Us’. SAGE Open 8, 215824401876865.

Arendt, H. (1967). The Origins of Totalitarianism. George Allen and Unwin, London.

Atzili, B. (2011). Good Fences, Bad Neighbors: Border Fixity and International Conflict. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, US.

Bacher, S. , Blackburn, T. M. , Essl, F. , Genovesi, P. , Heikkilä, J. , Jeschke, J. M. , Jones, G. , Keller, R. , Kenis, M. , Kueffer, C. , Martinou, A. F. , Nentwig, W. , Pergl, J. , Pyšek, P. , Rabitsch, W. , et al. (2018). Socio‐economic impact classification of alien taxa (SEICAT). Methods in Ecology and Evolution 9, 159–168.

Baker, A. (2019). Inside the Modern Slave Trade Trapping African Migrants. TIME. New York City, USA, LCC.

Bales, K. (2012). Disposable People: New Slavery in the Global Economy, Third Edition. University of California Press. Berkeley, US.

Bani Salameh, M. T. (2019). Migration from the Arab spring countries to Europe: causes and consequences, In Smart Technologies and Innovation for a Sustainable Future: Proceedings of the 1st American University in the Emirates International Research Conference—Dubai, UAE 2017 (pp. 243–254). Springer International Publishing, Cham, Switzerland.

Banulescu‐Bogdan, N. , Malka, H. & Culbertson, S. (2021). How we Talk about Migration: The Link between Migration Narratives, Policy, and Power. Migration Policy Institute. Washington, D.C.

Barnosky, A. D. , Koch, P. L. , Feranec, R. S. , Wing, S. L. & Shabel, A. B. (2004). Assessing the causes of late Pleistocene extinctions on the ccontinents. Science 306, 70–75. PubMed

Barone, M. (2013). Shaping our Nation: How Surges of Migration Transformed America and its Politics. Forum Books, Sentinel/Penguin Group USA, New York, US.

Bedford, R. (2005). Meta‐societies, remittance economies and internet addresses: dimensions of contemporary human security in Polynesia. In Migration, Globalisation and Human Security, pp. 109–136. Routledge, Abingdon, England.

Bellwood, P. (2015). Migration and the origins of Homo sapiens. Emergence and diversity of modern human behavior in Paleolithic Asia. In Emergence and Diversity of Modern Human Behavior in Paleolithic Asia (eds Kaifu Y., Izuho M., Goebel T., Sato H. and Ono A.), pp. 51–58. Texas A&M University Press, College Station, Texas, US.

Benitez, S. (2004). European immigration in Argentina from 1880 to 1914 . Honors Thesis: Ouachita Baptist University.

Bennett, H. L. (2018). African Kings and Black Slaves: Sovereignty and Dispossession in the Early Modern Atlantic. University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia, US.

Benson, M. & O'Reilly, K. (2009). Migration and the eearch for a better way of life: a critical exploration of lifestyle migration. The Sociological Review 57, 608–625.

Bergström, A. , Stringer, C. , Hajdinjak, M. , Scerri, E. M. L. & Skoglund, P. (2021). Origins of modern human ancestry. Nature 590, 229–237. PubMed

Bernery, C. , Bellard, C. , Courchamp, F. , Brosse, S. & Leroy, B. (2024). A global analysis of the introduction pathways and characteristics associated with non‐native fish species introduction, establishment, and impacts. Ecological Processes 13, 22.

Bernstein, M. H. (2015). The Moral Equality of Humans and Animals. Springer, Cham, Switzerland.

Berry, J. W. (2017). Theories and models of acculturation. In The Oxford Handbook of Acculturation and Health. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.

Bertelsmeier, C. & Keller, L. (2018). Bridgehead effects and role of adaptive evolution in invasive populations. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 33, 527–534. PubMed

Bertocchi, G. (2016). The legacies of slavery in and out of Africa. IZA Journal of Migration 5, 24.

Bertocchi, G. & Dimico, A. (2019). The legacies of slavery in and out of Africa. IZA Journal of Development and Migration 10, 1–16.

Betts, A. (2013). Survival Migration: Failed Governance and the Crisis of Displacement. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York, US.

Bharadwaj, P. , Khwaja, A. & Mian, A. (2008). The big march: migratory flows after the partition of India. Economic and Political Weekly 43, 39–49.

Bharadwaj, P. , Khwaja, A. I. & Mian, A. R. (2009). The Partition of India: Demographic Consequences. SSRN, Elsevier, New York, US.

Bhuyan, R. & Schmidt, C. (2019). Immigrant women's settlement transitions in an era of precarious migration. Immigrant women, youth, and seniors. A research and knowledge mobilization project on the settlement outcomes‐services nexus.

Biermann, F. & Boas, I. (2008). Protecting climate refugees: the case for a global protocol. Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development 50, 8–17.

Black, R. , Bennett, S. R. G. , Thomas, S. M. & Beddington, J. R. (2011). Migration as adaptation. Nature 478, 447–449. PubMed

Blackburn, T. M. , Essl, F. , Evans, T. , Hulme, P. E. , Jeschke, J. M. , Kühn, I. , Kumschick, S. , Marková, Z. , Mrugała, A. , Nentwig, W. , Pergl, J. , Pyšek, P. , Rabitsch, W. , Ricciardi, A. , Richardson, D. M. , et al. (2014). A unified classification of alien species based on the magnitude of their environmental impacts. PLoS Biology 12, e1001850. PubMed PMC

Blackburn, T. M. , Pyšek, P. , Bacher, S. , Carlton, J. T. , Duncan, R. P. , Jarošík, V. , Wilson, J. R. U. & Richardson, D. M. (2011). A proposed unified framework for biological invasions. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 26, 333–339. PubMed

Blake, J. S. & Gilman, N. (2024). Children of a Modest Star: Planetary Thinking for an Age of Crises. Stanford University Press, Stanford, California, US.

Bloemraad, I. , Esses, V. M. , Kymlicka, W. & Zhou, Y. Y. (2023). Unpacking Immigrant Integration: Concepts, Mechanisms, and Context. World Bank,Washington, D.C., US.

Bogusz, B. , Cholewinski, R. , Cygan, A. & Szyszczak, E. (2004). Irregular Migration and Human Rights: Theoretical. European and international perspectives, Brill.

Bond, M. O. , Anderson, B. J. , Henare, T. H. A. & Wehi, P. M. (2019). Effects of climatically shifting species distributions on biocultural relationships. People and Nature 1, 87–102.

Bortolus, A. , Carlton, J. T. & Schwindt, E. (2015). Reimagining South American coasts: unveiling the hidden invasion history of an iconic ecological engineer. Diversity and Distributions 21, 1267–1283.

Bortolus, A. & Schwindt, E. (2022). Biological invasions and human dimensions: we still need to work hard on our social perspectives. Ecología Austral 32, 767–783.

Borucki, A. , Eltis, D. & Wheat, D. (2015). Atlantic history and the slave trade to Spanish America. The American Historical Review 120, 433–461.

Bowling, G. A. (1942). The introduction of cattle into colonial North America. Journal of Dairy Science 25, 129–154.

Brettell, C. B. & Hollifield, J. F. (2000). Migration Theory: Talking across Disciplines. Routledge, New York & London.

Brettell, C. B. & Hollifield, J. F. (2022). Introduction: migration theory: talking across disciplines. In Migration Theory, pp. 1–43. Routledge, Abingdon, England.

Britton, J. R. , Lynch, A. J. , Bardal, H. , Bradbeer, S. J. , Coetzee, J. A. , Coughlan, N. E. , Dalu, T. , Tricarico, E. , Gallardo, B. , Lintermans, M. , Lucy, F. , Liu, C. , Olden, J. D. , Raghavan, R. & Pritchard, E. G. (2023). Preventing and controlling nonnative species invasions to bend the curve of global freshwater biodiversity loss. Environmental Reviews 31, 310–326.

Brown, B. L. & Barney, J. N. (2021). Rethinking biological invasions as a metacommunity problem. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution 8, 584701.

Brown, N. (2002). Robert Park and Ernest Burgess, Urban Ecology Studies, 1925. CSISS Classics, Santa Barbara, California, US.

Cano‐Barbacil, C. , Radinger, J. & García‐Berthou, E. (2022). The importance of seawater tolerance and native status in mediating the distribution of inland fishes. Journal of Biogeography 49, 2037–2049.

Carens, J. H. (1992). Migration and morality: a liberal egalitarian perspective. In Free Movement: Ethical Issues in the Transnational Novement of People and of Money (eds Barry B. and Goodin R.), pp. 25–47. Harvester Wheatsheaf, London.

Carens, J. H. (2008). The rights of irregular migrants. Ethics & International Affairs 22, 163–186.

Carneiro, L. , Hulme, P. E. , Cuthbert, R. N. , Kourantidou, M. , Bang, A. , Haubrock, P. J. , Bradshaw, C. J. A. , Balzani, P. , Bacher, S. , Latombe, G. , Bodey, T. W. , Probert, A. F. , Quilodrán, C. S. & Courchamp, F. (2024). Benefits do not balance costs of biological invasions. Bioscience 74, 340–344.

Carr, M. (2015). Fortress Europe. Inside the War Against Immigration, Jurst & Company, London.

Casado, M. A. , Acosta‐Gallo, B. , Sánchez‐Jardón, L. , Martín‐Forés, I. , Castro, I. , Ovalle, C. , del Pozo, A. & de Miguel, J. M. (2015). Interactive effects of source and recipient habitats on plant invasions: distribution of exotic species in Chile. Diversity and Distributions 21, 609–619.

Castelli, F. (2018). Drivers of migration: why do people move? Journal of Travel Medicine 25, tay040. PubMed

Casties, I. & Briski, E. (2019). Life history traits of aquatic non‐indigenous species: freshwater vs. marine habitats. Aquatic Invasions 14, 566–581.

Castles, S. , de Haas, H. & Miller, M. J. (2014). The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World. Palgrave Macmillan, London, UK.

Catford, J. A. , Baumgartner, J. B. , Vesk, P. A. , White, M. , Buckley, Y. M. & McCarthy, M. A. (2016). Disentangling the four demographic dimensions of species invasiveness. Journal of Ecology 104, 1745–1758.

Cavan, R. S. (1983). The Chicago School of Sociology, 1918‐1933. Urban Life 11, 407–420.

Caviola, L. , Schubert, S. , Kahane, G. & Faber, N. S. (2022). Humans first: why people value animals less than humans. Cognition 225, 105139. PubMed

Cetron, M. (2016). Isolation, quarantine, and infectious disease threats arising from global migration. In Global Management of Infectious Disease After Ebola (Volume 245). Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.

Champion, P. (2018). Knowledge to action on aquatic invasive species: Island biosecurity – the New Zealand and South Pacific story. Management of Biological Invasions 9, 383–394.

Chang, H. F. (1997). Liberalized immigration as free trade: economic welfare and the optimal immigration policy. University of Pennsylvania Law Review 145, 1147.

Chapman, D. , Purse, B. V. , Roy, H. E. & Bullock, J. M. (2017). Global trade networks determine the distribution of invasive non‐native species. Global Ecology and Biogeography 26, 907–917.

Charles, H. & Dukes, J. S. (2007). Impacts of invasive species on ecosystem services. In Biological invasions, pp. 217–237. Springer, Cham, Switzerland.

Christiaensen, L. , Gonzalez, A. S. & Robalino, D. A. (2019). Migration and jobs: issues for the 21st century. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 8867. 1–36.

Clark, L. , Clark, C. & Siers, S. (2017). Brown tree snakes: methods and approaches for control. In Ecology and Management of Terrestrial Vertebrate Invasive Species in the United States. CRC Press, Florida, US.

Clout, M. N. & Russell, J. C. (2008). The invasion ecology of mammals: a global perspective. Wildlife Research 35, 180–184.

Coates, P. (2007). American Perceptions of Immigrant and Invasive Species: Strangers on the Land. University of California Press, Oakland, CA, US.

Conde, D. A. , Flesness, N. , Colchero, F. , Jones, O. R. & Scheuerlein, A. (2011). An emerging role of zoos to conserve biodiversity. Science 331, 1390–1391. PubMed

Conti, A. A. (2008). Quarantine through history. In International Encyclopedia of Public Health, pp. 454–462. Elsevier, Amsterdam, Netherlands.

Copp, G. H. , Bianco, P. G. , Bogutskaya, N. G. , Eros, T. , Falka, I. , Ferreira, M. T. , Fox, M. G. , Freyhof, J. , Gozlan, R. E. , Grabowska, J. , Kovac, V. , Moreno‐Amich, R. , Naseka, A. M. , Penaz, M. , Povz, M. , et al. (2005). To be, or not to be, a non‐native freshwater fish? Journal of Applied Ichthyology 21, 242–262.

Crosby, A. W. (2004). Ecological Imperialism: The Biological Expansion of Europe, 900–1900, Second Edition. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.

Crowley, S. L. , Hinchliffe, S. & McDonald, R. A. (2017). Conflict in invasive species management. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 15, 133–141.

Cuthbert, R. N. , Darriet, F. , Chabrerie, O. , Lenoir, J. , Courchamp, F. , Claeys, C. , Robert, V. , Jourdain, F. , Ulmer, R. , Diagne, C. , Ayala, D. , Simard, F. , Morand, S. & Renault, D. (2023). Invasive hematophagous arthropods and associated diseases in a changing world. Parasites & Vectors 16, 291. PubMed PMC

Czaika, M. & Reinprecht, C. (2022). Migration drivers: Why do people migrate. In Introduction to migration studies: An interactive guide to the literatures on migration and diversity, pp. 49–82. Springer International Publishing, Heidelberg, German: y.

Dallimer, M. & Strange, N. (2015). Why socio‐political borders and boundaries matter in conservation. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 30, 132–139. PubMed

Daly, E. Z. , Chabrerie, O. , Massol, F. , Facon, B. , Hess, M. C. M. , Tasiemski, A. , Grandjean, F. , Chauvat, M. , Viard, F. , Forey, E. , Folcher, L. , Buisson, E. , Boivin, T. , Baltora‐Rosset, S. , Ulmer, R. , et al. (2023). A synthesis of biological invasion hypotheses associated with the introduction–naturalisation–invasion continuum. Oikos 2023, e09645.

Davis, D. B. (1988). The Problem of Slavery in Western Culture. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.

Davis, M. A. , Chew, M. K. , Hobbs, R. J. , Lugo, A. E. , Ewel, J. J. , Vermeij, G. J. , Brown, J. H. , Rosenzweig, M. L. , Gardener, M. R. , Carroll, S. P. , Thompson, K. , Pickett, S. T. A. , Stromberg, J. C. , del Tredici, P. , Suding, K. N. , et al. (2011). Don't judge species on their origins. Nature 474, 153–154. PubMed

Dawkins, R. & Krebs, J. R. (1979). Arms races between and within species. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B Biological Sciences 205, 489–511. PubMed

Dawson, W. , Moser, D. , van Kleunen, M. , Kreft, H. , Pergl, J. , Pyšek, P. , Weigelt, P. , Winter, M. , Lenzner, B. , Blackburn, T. M. , Dyer, E. E. , Cassey, P. , Scrivens, S. L. , Economo, E. P. , Guénard, B. , et al. (2017). Global hotspots and correlates of alien species richness across taxonomic groups. Nature Ecology & Evolution 1, 186.

de Haas, H. (2011). Mediterranean migration futures: patterns, drivers and scenarios. Global Environmental Change 21, S59–S69.

de Ligt, L. & Tacoma, L. E. (2016). Approaching migration in the early Roman empire. In Migration and Mobility in the Early Roman Empire, pp. 1–22. Brill, Leiden, The Netherlands.

de Loryn, B. (2022). Not necessarily a place: how mobile transnational online workers (digital nomads) construct and experience ‘home’. Global Networks 22, 103–118.

De Luca, G. , Lampoltshammer, T. J. , Parven, S. & Scholz, J. (2022). A literature review on the usage of agent‐based modelling to study policies for managing international migration. Social Sciences 11, 356.

DeAngelis, D. L. & Waterhouse, J. C. (1987). Equilibrium and nonequilibrium concepts in ecological models. Ecological Monographs 57, 1–21.

Del Rio‐Hortega, L. , Martín‐Forés, I. , Castro, I. , De Miguel, J. M. & Acosta‐Gallo, B. (2022). Network‐based analysis reveals differences in plant assembly between the native and the invaded ranges. NeoBiota 72, 157–181.

Dennison, J. (2021). Narratives: a review of concepts, determinants, effects, and uses in migration research. Comparative Migration Studies 9, 50.

Diagne, C. , Leroy, B. , Vaissière, A.‐C. , Gozlan, R. E. , Roiz, D. , Jarić, I. , Salles, J.‐M. , Bradshaw, C. J. A. & Courchamp, F. (2021). High and rising economic costs of biological invasions worldwide. Nature 592, 571–576. PubMed

Diallo, K. (2004). Data on the migration of health‐care workers: sources, uses, and challenges. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 82, 601–607. PubMed PMC

Diamond, J. (1997). Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies. W. W. Norton & Company, New York, NY, US.

Diamond, J. (2011). Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed: Revised Edition. Penguin, London, UK.

Dingle, H. (2006). Animal migration: is there a common migratory syndrome? Journal of Ornithology 147, 212–220.

Dingle, H. (2014). Migration: The Biology of Life on the Move. Oxford University Press, Oxford.

Dobrovidova, O. (2023). Burning bridges. Science 382, 632–637. PubMed

Donato, K. M. & Massey, D. S. (2016). Twenty‐first‐century globalization and illegal migration. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 666, 7–26.

Donlan, C. J. , Berger, J. , Bock, C. E. , Bock, J. H. , Burney, D. A. , Estes, J. A. , Foreman, D. , Martin, P. S. , Roemer, G. W. , Smith, F. A. , Soulé, M. E. & Greene, H. W. (2006). Pleistocene rewilding: an optimistic agenda for twenty‐first century conservation. The American Naturalist 168, 660–681. PubMed

Donnan, H. & Wilson, T. M. (1999). Borders: Frontiers of identity. Berg Publishers, Nation and State.

Donnellan, L. (2016). ‘Greek colonisation’ and Mediterranean networks: patterns of mobility and interaction at Pithekoussai. Journal of Greek Archaeology 1, 109–149.

Duncan, R. P. & Forsyth, D. M. (2006). Modelling population persistence on islands: mammal introductions in the New Zealand archipelago. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 273, 2969–2975. PubMed PMC

Dustmann, C. & Frattini, T. (2014). The fiscal effects of immigration to the UK. The Economic Journal 124, F593–F643.

Ehrenfeld, J. G. (2010). Ecosystem consequences of biological invasions. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 41, 59–80.

Elster, J. (1986). Rational Choice. Blackwell. Oxford, UK.

Eltis, D. & Richardson, D. (2008). A new assessment of the transatlantic slave trade. In Extending the Frontiers: Essays on the New Transatlantic Slave Trade Database, pp. 1–60. Yale University Press, New Haven, US:

Elton, C. S. (1958). The Ecology of Invasions by Animals and Plants. Springer, Heidelberg‐Berlin.

Emery‐Butcher, H. E. , Beatty, S. J. & Robson, B. J. (2020). The impacts of invasive ecosystem engineers in freshwaters: a review. Freshwater Biology 65, 999–1015.

Endangered Species Act (1973). Endangered species act, pp. 884–903. U.S. Government Publishing Office, Washington, D.C., US.

Escobar, A. (1998). Whose knowledge, whose nature? Biodiversity, conservation, and the political ecology of social movements. Journal of Political Ecology 5, 53–82.

Eswaran, V. , Harpending, H. & Rogers, A. R. (2005). Genomics refutes an exclusively African origin of humans. Journal of Human Evolution 49, 1–18. PubMed

Everson, M. & Vos, E. (2009). The scientification of politics and the politicisation of science. In Uncertain Risks Regulated, pp. 21–38. Routledge‐Cavendish, Oxfordshire, UK.

Everts, T. , Van Driessche, C. , Neyrinck, S. , Haegeman, A. , Ruttink, T. , Jacquemyn, H. & Brys, R. (2024). Phenological mismatches mitigate the ecological impact of a biological invader on amphibian communities. Ecological Applications 34, e3017. PubMed

Fage, J. D. (2019). Slavery and the slave trade in the context of West African history. In The Slave Trade & Migration, pp. 121–133. Routledge, New York City, NY, US.

Fairchild, H. P. (1925). Immigration: A World Movement and its American Significance. Macmillan, New York City, NY, US.

Faist, T. (1998). Transnational social spaces out of international migration: evolution, significance and future prospects. European Journal of Sociology 39, 213–247.

Fall, J. J. (2017). Biosecurity and ecology: beyond the nativist debate. In Biosecurity: The Socio‐Politics of Invasive Species and Infectious Diseases (eds Barker K., Dobson A. and Taylor S.), pp. 167–181. Earthscan/Routledge, Abingdon.

Fargues, P. (2017). Four Decades of Cross‐Mediterranean Undocumented Migration to Europe: A Review of the Evidence. International Organization for Migration, Geneva.

Fasani, F. , Llull, J. & Tealdi, C. (2020). The economics of migration: labour market impacts and migration policies. Labour Economics 67, 101929.

Faulkner, K. T. , Hulme, P. E. & Wilson, J. R. U. (2024). Harder, better, faster, stronger? Dispersal in the Anthropocene. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 39, 1130–1140. PubMed

Felton, E. (2015). Migrants, refugees, and mobility: how useful are information communication technologies in the first phase of resettlement. Journal of Technologies in Society 11, 1–13.

Ferwerda, J. & Gest, J. (2021). Pull factors and migration preferences: evidence from the Middle East and North Africa. International Migration Review 55, 431–459.

Fisher, M. H. (2013). Migration: A World History. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.

Fleischhauer, K. J. (2007). A review of human capital theory: Microeconomics. University of St. Gallen, Department of Economics Discussion Paper, St. Gallen, Switzerland.

Francione, G. L. & Charlton, A. E. (2017). Animal rights. In The Oxford Handbook of Animal Studies, pp. 25–42. Oxford University Press, Oxford.

Frank, D. M. (2021). Disagreement or denialism? ‘Invasive species denialism’ and ethical disagreement in science. Synthese 198, 6085–6113.

Walk Free (2023). The Global Slavery Index, p. 2023. Walk Free, Perth, Australia.

Freeman, G. P. & Kessler, A. K. (2008). Political economy and migration policy. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 34, 655–678.

Freeman, R. (2017). Migration of ideas: China and U.S. Science 356, 696–697. PubMed

Gallardo, B. , Bacher, S. , Barbosa, A. M. , Gallien, L. , González‐Moreno, P. , Martínez‐Bolea, V. , Sorte, C. , Vimercati, G. & Vilà, M. (2024). Risks posed by invasive species to the provision of ecosystem services in Europe. Nature Communications 15, 2631. PubMed PMC

Gargurevich, E. (1994). La Reacción anti‐inmigrante en la literatura Argentina de los ochenta. Revista de Crítica Literaria Latinoamericana 20, 91.

Gergen, K. J. (1992). The social constructionist movement in modern psychology. In The Restoration of Dialogue: Readings in the Philosophy of Clinical Psychology (ed. Miller R. B.), pp. 556–569. American Psychological Association, Washington.

Glick Schiller, N. (2008). Beyond methodological ethnicity: local and transnational pathways of immigrant incorporation. Malmö institute for studies of migration, diversity and welfare (MIM). In And Department of International Migration and Ethnic Relations (IMER). Malmö University, Malmö, Sweden.

Godfrey, B. (2019). Prison versus western Australia: which worked best, the Australian penal colony or the English convict prison system? The British Journal of Criminology 59, 1139–1160.

Goffart, W. A. (2006). Barbarian Tides: The Migration Age and the Later Roman Empire. University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia, US.

Gold, S. J. (2000). Transnational communities: examining migration in a globally integrated world. In Rethinking Globalization(s). From Corporate Transnationalism to Local Interventions, pp. 73–90. Palgrave Macmillan UK, London.

Gordon, M. M. (2015). The nature of assimilation. In Incorporating Diversity, pp. 95–110. Routledge, New York, US.

Gorgile, V. T. (2023). Biodiversity and bio‐security. In Sustainable Development Goals in SAARC Countries: Key Issues, Opportunities and Challenges, pp. 235–242. Jyotikiran Publications, Pune, India.

Gottschalk, J. S. (1966). The introduction of exotic animals into the United States. Towards a new Relationship of Man and Nature in Temperate Lands Vers un nouveau type de relations entre l'homme et la nature en région tempérée.

Gould, S. J. (1996). The Mismeasure of Man. W. W. Norton & Company, Global Commission on International Migration, New York, USA.

Grant, S. & Solicitors, H. G. (2005). International Migration and Human Rights. A paper prepared for the Policy Analysis and Research Programme of the Global Commission on International Migration. Geneva, Switzerland.

Greenhill, K. M. (2016). Migration as a weapon in theory and in practice. Military Review 96, 23–36.

Guareschi, S. , Mathers, K. L. , South, J. , Navarro, L. M. , Renals, T. , Hiley, A. , Antonsich, M. , Bolpagni, R. , Bortolus, A. , Genovesi, P. , Jere, A. , Madzivanzira, T. C. , Phaka, F. M. , Novoa, A. , Olden, J. D. , et al. (2024). Framing challenges and polarized issues in invasion science: towards an interdisciplinary agenda. Bioscience 74, 825–839. PubMed PMC

Guerin, G. R. , Martín‐Forés, I. , Munroe, S. E. M. , Sparrow, B. & Lowe, A. J. (2019). Alien plants alter the growth form ratio and structure of Australian grasslands. Applied Vegetation Science 22, 582–592.

Gutiérrez Rodríguez, E. (2018). The coloniality of migration and the ‘refugee crisis’: on the asylum‐migration nexus, the transatlantic white European settler colonialism‐migration and racial capitalism. Refuge 34, 16–28.

Hammond, M. & Wellington, J. (2012). Research Methods: The Key Concepts. Routledge, London, UK.

Hansen, R. (2011). The two faces of liberalism: Islam in contemporary Europe. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 37, 881–897.

Hass, A. (2014). Drinking the Sea at Gaza: Days and Nights in a Land under Siege. Metropolitan Books, New York, US.

Haubrock, P. J. , Oficialdegui, F. J. , Zeng, Y. , Patoka, J. , Yeo, D. C. & Kouba, A. (2021). The redclaw crayfish: a prominent aquaculture species with invasive potential in tropical and subtropical biodiversity hotspots. Reviews in Aquaculture 13, 1488–1530.

Haubrock, P. J. , Soto, I. , Ahmed, D. A. , Ansari, A. R. , Tarkan, A. S. , Kurtul, I. , Macêdo, R. L. , Lázaro‐Lobo, A. , Toutain, M. , Parker, B. , Błońska, D. , Guareschi, S. , Cano‐Barbacil, C. , Dominguez Almela, V. , Andreou, D. , et al. (2024). Biological invasions are a population‐level rather than a species‐level phenomenon. Global Change Biology 30, e17312. PubMed

Helliwell, J. F. (2000). How Much Do National Borders Matter? Brookings Institution Press. New York, US.

Heppes, J. B. & McFadden, E. J. (1987). Convention on international trade in endangered species of wild fauna and flora: improving the prospects for preserving our biological heritage. Boston University International Law Journal 5, 229–246.

Hermans, K. & McLeman, R. (2021). Climate change, drought, land degradation and migration: exploring the linkages. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability 50, 236–244.

Hershkovitz, I. , Weber, G. W. , Quam, R. , Duval, M. , Grün, R. , Kinsley, L. , Ayalon, A. , Bar‐Matthews, M. , Valladas, H. , Mercier, N. , Arsuaga, J. L. , Martinón‐Torres, M. , Bermúdez de Castro, J. M. , Fornai, C. , Martín‐Francés, L. , et al. (2018). The earliest modern humans outside Africa. Science 359, 456–459. PubMed

Hettinger, N. (2001). Exotic species, naturalisation, and biological nativism. Environmental Values 10, 193–224.

Heywood, L. M. (2017). Njinga of Angola: Africa's Warrior Queen. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, US.

Hing, B. O. (2004). Defining America: Through Immigration Policy. Temple University Press, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, US.

Hirsch, W. (1942). Assimilation as concept and as process. Social Forces 21, 35–39.

Hoegh‐Guldberg, O. , Hughes, L. , McIntyre, S. , Lindenmayer, D. B. , Parmesan, C. , Possingham, H. P. & Thomas, C. D. (2008). Assisted colonization and rapid climate change. Science 321, 345–346. PubMed

Hofman, C. A. & Rick, T. C. (2018). Ancient biological invasions and Island ecosystems: tracking translocations of wild plants and animals. Journal of Archaeological Research 26, 65–115.

Holtug, N. (2018). A fair distribution of refugees in the European Union. In Refugee Crisis: The Borders of Human Mobility, pp. 34–43. Routledge. London, UK.

Hooper, K. , Desiderio, M. V. & Salant, B. (2017). Improving the labour market integration of migrants and refugees. In Empowering Cities Through Better Use of EU Instruments. Migration Policy Institute Europe, Brussels.

Hôrková, K. & Kováč, V. (2014). Different life‐histories of native and invasive Neogobius melanostomus and the possible role of phenotypic plasticity in the species' invasion success. Knowledge and Management of Aquatic Ecosystems 412, 1.

Howard, P. L. (2019). Human adaptation to invasive species: a conceptual framework based on a case study metasynthesis. Ambio 48, 1401–1430. PubMed PMC

Huddleston, T. , Bilgili, Ö. , Joki, A.‐L. & Vankova, Z. (2015). Migrant Integration Policy Index 2015. Barcelona/Brussels, CIDOB and MPG.

Hugo, G. (2005). Migrants in society: diversity and cohesion. In Global Commission on International Migration. Geneva, Switzerland.

Hulme, P. E. (2013). An introduction to plant biosecurity: past, present and future. In The Handbook of Plant Biosecurity: Principles and Practices for the Identification, Containment and Control of Organisms that Threaten Agriculture and the Environment Globally, pp. 1–25. Springer, Netherlands, Dordrecht.

Hulme, P. E. , Bacher, S. , Kenis, M. , Klotz, S. , Kühn, I. , Minchin, D. , Nentwig, W. , Olenin, S. , Panov, V. , Pergl, J. , Pyšek, P. , Roques, A. , Sol, D. , Solarz, W. & Vilà, M. (2008). Grasping at the routes of biological invasions: a framework for integrating pathways into policy. Journal of Applied Ecology 45, 403–414.

Inglis, M. I. (2020). Wildlife ethics and practice: why we need to change the way we talk about ‘invasive species’. Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 33, 299–313.

IPBES (2023). In Summary for Policymakers of the Thematic Assessment Report on Invasive Alien Species and their Control of the Intergovernmental Science‐Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (eds Roy H. E., Pauchard A., Stoett P., Renard Truong T., Bacher S., Galil B. S., Hulme P. E., Ikeda T., Sankaran K. V., McGeoch M. A., Meyerson L. A., Nuñez M. A., Ordonez A., Rahlao S. J., Schwindt E., Seebens H., Sheppard A. W. and Vandvik V.). IPBES Secretariat, Bonn, Germany.

Iredale, R. (2001). The migration of professionals: theories and typologies. International Migration 39, 7–26.

Iyer, A. , Bestwick, C. S. , Duncan, S. H. & Russell, W. R. (2021). Invasive plants are a valuable alternate protein source and can contribute to meeting climate change targets. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems 5, 575056.

Jeschke, J. M. & Heger, T. (2018). Invasion Biology: Hypotheses and Evidence. CAB International, Oxfordshire, UK.

Jeschke, J. M. & Strayer, D. L. (2005). Invasion success of vertebrates in Europe and North America. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 102, 7198–7202. PubMed PMC

Johnson, K. & Baumal, B. (2016). Improving Pre‐Arrival Information Uptake for Internationally Educated Professionals. Forum of Labour Market Ministers, Winnipeg, Canada.

Jordan, W. R. III (1994). The Nazi connection: eugenics, American racism, and German National Socialism. Restoration and Management Notes 28, 113–114.

Justino, D. , Marques, M. M. , Ralha, T. , Palácio, S. & Seabra, H. (1998). Children of immigrants. A situation in flux between tension and integration. In Metropolis International Workshop Proceedings, pp. 273–304. Fundação Luso‐Americana para o Desenvolvimento, Lisboa.

Kaitmazova, K. R. & Caberti, A. N. (2016). Types of modern migration. Научный альманах стран Причерноморья, 1–4.

Kanengoni‐Nyatara, B. , Watson, K. , Galindo, C. , Charania, N. A. , Mpofu, C. & Holroyd, E. (2024). Barriers to and recommendations for equitable access to healthcare for migrants and refugees in Aotearoa, New Zealand: an integrative review. Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health 26, 164–180. PubMed PMC

Kelsch, A. , Takahashi, Y. , Dasgupta, R. , Mader, A. D. , Johnson, B. A. & Kumar, P. (2020). Invasive alien species and local communities in socio‐ecological production landscapes and seascapes: a systematic review and analysis. Environmental Science & Policy 112, 275–281.

Kirby, K. R. , Gray, R. D. , Greenhill, S. J. , Jordan, F. M. , Gomes‐Ng, S. , Bibiko, H.‐J. , Blasi, D. E. , Botero, C. A. , Bowern, C. , Ember, C. R. , Leehr, D. , Low, B. S. , McCarter, J. , Divale, W. & Gavin, M. C. (2016). D‐PLACE: a global database of cultural, linguistic and environmental diversity. PLoS One 11, e0158391. PubMed PMC

Kirichenko, N. , Haubrock, P. J. , Cuthbert, R. N. , Akulov, E. , Karimova, E. , Shneider, Y. , Liu, C. , Angulo, E. , Diagne, C. & Courchamp, F. (2021). Economic costs of biological invasions in terrestrial ecosystems in Russia. NeoBiota 67, 103–130.

Kirvalidze, N. (2019). New challenges of Anglicisation in the context of 21st century globalization and their impact on higher education. Studies in Literature and Language 19, 1–8.

Kłosowska, A. (2020). The Etymology of Slave. Disturbing Times: Medieval Pasts, Reimagined Futures. Punctum Books, Goleta, CA, US.

Kluge, H. H. P. , Jakab, Z. , Bartovic, J. , D'Anna, V. & Severoni, S. (2020). Refugee and migrant health in the COVID‐19 response. The Lancet 395, 1237–1239. PubMed PMC

Kogan, I. , Fong, E. & Reitz, J. G. (2020). Religion and integration among immigrant and minority youth. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 46, 3543–3558.

Koopmans, R. (2010). Trade‐offs between equality and difference: immigrant integration, multiculturalism and the welfare state in cross‐national perspective. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 36, 1–26.

Kotoulas, I. E. & Pusztai, W. (2020). Migration as a weapon. Report No1, 6.

Kowarik, I. (1995). Time lags in biological invasions with regard to the success and failure of alien species. In Plant Invasions: General Aspects and Special Problems (eds Pyšek P., Prach K., Rejmanek M. and Wade M.), pp. 15–38. SPB Acad, Amsterdam.

Kühn, I. & Klotz, S. (2007). From ecosystem invasibility to local, regional and global patterns of invasive species. In Biological Invasions, pp. 181–196. Springer, Berlin and Heidelberg.

Kukathas, C. (2002). Immigration. In The Oxford Handbook of Practical Ethics (ed. Lafolette H.), pp. 107–122. Oxford University Press, Oxford.

Kumschick, S. , Bertolino, S. , Blackburn, T. M. , Brundu, G. , Costello, K. E. , de Groot, M. , Evans, T. , Gallardo, B. , Genovesi, P. , Govender, T. , Jeschke, J. M. , Lapin, K. , Measey, J. , Novoa, A. , Nunes, A. L. , et al. (2024). Using the IUCN environmental impact classification for alien taxa to inform decision‐making. Conservation Biology 38, e14214. PubMed

Kurekova, L. (2011). Theories of migration: conceptual review and empirical testing in the context of the EU East‐West flows. In Interdisciplinary Conference on Migration. Economic Change, Social Challenge. University College London (UCL), London, UK.

Kutschera, U. & Khanna, R. (2024). The significance of Darwin's origin of species 1872 and ecology of salt‐marsh plants in Northern California, USA. Biodiversity Journal 15, 115–121.

Kuzawa, C. W. & Thayer, Z. M. (2011). Timescales of human adaptation: the role of epigenetic processes. Epigenomics 3, 221–234. PubMed

Laine, J. P. (2020). Reframing African Migration to Europe: An Alternative Narrative, pp. 93–116. Times Centre, Singapore.

Laland, K. , Matthews, B. & Feldman, M. W. (2016). An introduction to niche construction theory. Evolutionary Ecology 30, 191–202. PubMed PMC

Lebano, A. , Hamed, S. , Bradby, H. , Gil‐Salmerón, A. , Durá‐Ferrandis, E. , Garcés‐Ferrer, J. , Azzedine, F. , Riza, E. , Karnaki, P. , Zota, D. & Linos, A. (2020). Migrants' and refugees' health status and healthcare in Europe: a scoping literature review. BMC Public Health 20, 1039. PubMed PMC

Lenoir, J. & Svenning, J.‐C. (2015). Climate‐related range shifts – a global multidimensional synthesis and new research directions. Ecography 38, 15–28.

Lenzner, B. , Latombe, G. , Schertler, A. , Seebens, H. , Yang, Q. , Winter, M. , Weigelt, P. , van Kleunen, M. , Pyšek, P. , Pergl, J. , Kreft, H. , Dawson, W. , Dullinger, S. & Essl, F. (2022). Naturalized alien floras still carry the legacy of European colonialism. Nature Ecology & Evolution 6, 1723–1732. PubMed

Levin, K. , Cashore, B. , Bernstein, S. & Auld, G. (2012). Overcoming the tragedy of super wicked problems: constraining our future selves to ameliorate global climate change. Policy Sciences 45, 123–152.

Liang, Z. , Li, J. , Deane, G. , Li, Z. & Zhou, B. (2018). From Chinatown to every rown: new patterns of employment for low‐skilled Chinese immigrants in the United States. Social Forces 97, 893–920.

Lieurance, D. , Canavan, S. , Behringer, D. C. , Kendig, A. E. , Minteer, C. R. , Reisinger, L. S. , Romagosa, C. M. , Flory, S. L. , Lockwood, J. L. , Anderson, P. J. , Baker, S. M. , Bojko, J. , Bowers, K. E. , Canavan, K. , Carruthers, K. , et al. (2023). Identifying invasive species threats, pathways, and impacts to improve biosecurity. Ecosphere 14, e4711.

Lillywhite, H. B. , Shine, R. , Jacobson, E. , DeNardo, D. F. , Gordon, M. S. , Navas, C. A. , Wang, T. , Seymour, R. S. , Storey, K. B. , Heatwole, H. , Heard, D. , Brattstrom, B. & Burghardt, G. M. (2017). Anesthesia and euthanasia of amphibians and reptiles used in scientific research: should hypothermia and freezing be prohibited? Bioscience 67, 53–61.

Liu, J. , Yong, D. L. , Choi, C.‐Y. & Gibson, L. (2020). Transboundary frontiers: an emerging priority for biodiversity conservation. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 35, 679–690. PubMed

Lockwood, J. L. , Cassey, P. & Blackburn, T. (2005). The role of propagule pressure in explaining species invasions. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 20, 223–228. PubMed

Lockwood, J. L. , Hoopes, M. F. & Marchetti, M. P. (2013). Invasion Ecology, Second Edition. Wiley‐Blackwell, Hoboken, NJ, US.

Lockwood, J. L. , Lieurance, D. , Flory, S. L. , Meyerson, L. A. , Ricciardi, A. & Simberloff, D. (2023). Moving scholarship on invasion science forward. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 38, 495–496. PubMed

Lopes‐Lima, M. , Burlakova, L. E. , Karatayev, A. Y. , Mehler, K. , Seddon, M. & Sousa, R. (2018). Conservation of freshwater bivalves at the global scale: diversity, threats and research needs. Hydrobiologia 810, 1–14.

Lövei, G. L. & Ferrante, M. (2024). The use and prospects of nonlethal methods in entomology. Annual Review of Entomology 69, 183–198. PubMed

Ludsin, S. A. & Wolfe, A. D. (2001). Biological invasion theory: Darwin's contributions from the origin of species. Bioscience 51, 780–789.

Lupak, R. , Mizyuk, B. , Zaychenko, V. , Kunytska‐Iliash, M. & Vasyltsiv, T. (2022). Migration processes and socio‐economic development: interactions and regulatory policy. Agricultural and Resource Economics: International Scientific E‐Journal 8, 70–88.

Maher, A. A. , Aljafari, A. M. & Maher, A. (2017). The perceived threats from migrants and their effects on government service equality. Journal of Global Marketing 30, 55–71.

Maldini, P. & Takahashi, M. (2017). Refugee crisis and the European Union: do the failed migration and asylum policies indicate a political and structural crisis of European integration? Communication Management Review 02, 54–72.

Mammola, S. , Fukushima, C. S. , Biondo, G. , Bongiorni, L. , Cianferoni, F. , Domenici, P. , Fruciano, C. , Lo Giudice, A. , Macías‐Hernández, N. , Malumbres‐Olarte, J. , Miličić, M. , Morganti, M. , Mori, E. , Munévar, A. , Pollegioni, P. , et al. (2023). How much biodiversity is concealed in the word ‘biodiversity’? Current Biology 33, R59–R60. PubMed

Marean, C. W. (2015). The most invasive species of all. Scientific American 313, 32–39. PubMed

Marques, L. (2019). Slavery and its economic structures in colonial Brazil. In Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Latin American History. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.

Marshall, V. M. , Lewis, M. M. & Ostendorf, B. (2012). Buffel grass (Cenchrus ciliaris) as an invader and threat to biodiversity in arid environments: a review. Journal of Arid Environments 78, 1–12.

Martín‐Forés, I. , Acosta‐Gallo, B. , Castro, I. , de Miguel, J. M. , del Pozo, A. & Casado, M. A. (2018. a). The invasiveness of Hypochaeris glabra (Asteraceae): responses in morphological and reproductive traits for exotic populations. PLoS One 13, e0198849. PubMed PMC

Martín‐Forés, I. , Casado, M. A. , Castro, I. , del Pozo, A. , Molina‐Montenegro, M. , De Miguel, J. M. & Acosta‐Gallo, B. (2018. b). Variation in phenology and overall performance traits can help to explain the plant invasion process amongst Mediterranean ecosystems. NeoBiota 41, 67–89.

Martín‐Forés, I. , Castro, I. , Acosta‐Gallo, B. , del Pozo, A. , Sánchez‐Jardón, L. , de Miguel, J. M. , Ovalle, C. & Casado, M. A. (2016). Alien plant species coexist over time with native ones in Chilean Mediterranean grasslands. Journal of Plant Ecology 9, 682–691.

Martín‐Forés, I. , Guerin, G. R. & Lowe, A. J. (2017). Weed abundance is positively correlated with native plant diversity in grasslands of southern Australia. PLoS One 12, e0178681. PubMed PMC

Martín‐Forés, I. , Sánchez‐Jardón, L. , Acosta‐Gallo, B. , del Pozo, A. , Castro, I. , de Miguel, J. M. , Ovalle, C. & Casado, M. A. (2015). From Spain to Chile: environmental filters and success of herbaceous species in Mediterranean‐climate regions. Biological Invasions 17, 1425–1438.

Massey, D. S. , Arango, J. , Hugo, G. , Kouaouci, A. , Pellegrino, A. & Taylor, J. E. (1993). Theories of international migration: a review and appraisal. Population and Development Review 19, 431.

Matlin, S. A. , Depoux, A. , Schütte, S. , Flahault, A. & Saso, L. (2018). Migrants' and refugees' health: towards an agenda of solutions. Public Health Reviews 39, 27.

Matvieieva, S. & Matvieiev, S. (2023). Transformation of migration terminology: from ‘illegal migrant’ to ‘irregular migrant’ (English‐Ukrainian Aspect). Review of European and Comparative Law 52, 183–200.

Maxwell‐Stewart, H. , Inwood, K. & Stankovich, J. (2015). Prison and the colonial family. The History of the Family 20, 231–248.

McAuliffe, M. & Khadria, B. (2020). Report Overview: Providing Perspective on Migration and Mobility in Increasingly Uncertain Times. International Organization for Migration, Geneva, Switzerland.

McIntosh, R. P. (1995). H. A. Gleason's individualistic concept and theory of animal communities: a continuing controversy. Biological Reviews 70, 317–357. PubMed

McMahon, S. & Sigona, N. (2018). Navigating the Central Mediterranean in a time of ‘crisis’: disentangling migration governance and migrant journeys. Sociology 52, 497–514.

McNeely, J. A. (2001). The Great Reshuffling: Human Dimensions of Invasive Alien Species. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge.

McNeill, J. R. (2004). Yellow jack and geopolitics: environment, epidemics, and the struggles for empire in the American tropics, 1650‐1825. OAH Magazine of History 18, 9–13. PubMed

McNeill, W. H. (1984). Human migration in historical perspective. Population and Development Review 10, 1–18.

MEA (2005). Millennium Ecosystem Assessment: Ecosystems and Human Well‐Being. World Resources Institute, Washington, DC.

Meyerson, F. A. B. , Meyerson, L. A. & Reaser, J. K. (2009). Biosecurity from the ecologist's perspective: developing a more comprehensive approach. International Journal of Risk Assessment and Management 12, 147–160.

Miers, S. (2011). Slavery and abolition in the 20th century. In Slavery in the Modern World: A History of Political, Social, and Economic Oppression (ed. Rodriguez J. P.), pp. 3–33. Bloomsbury Publishing. Santa Barbara, CA, US.

Milani, T. M. (2020). No‐go zones in Sweden. Language, Culture and Society 2, 7–36.

Milanović, M. , Knapp, S. , Pyšek, P. & Kühn, I. (2020). Trait–environment relationships of plant species at different stages of the introduction process. NeoBiota 58, 55–74.

Minteer, B. A. & Collins, J. P. (2010). Move it or lose it? The ecological ethics of relocating species under climate change. Ecological Applications 20, 1801–1804. PubMed

Mollison, D. (1986). Modelling biological invasions: chance, explanation, prediction. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B, Biological Sciences 314, 675–693.

Money, F. O. N. (1976). Decline of the Roman Empire. Electronic file available at www.naturalmoney.org.

Moritz, C. (2004). Conservation units and translocations: strategies for conserving evolutionary processes. Hereditas 130, 217–228.

Moser, D. , Lenzner, B. , Weigelt, P. , Dawson, W. , Kreft, H. , Pergl, J. & Essl, F. (2018). Remoteness promotes biological invasions on islands worldwide. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, 9270–9275. PubMed PMC

Mueller, J. M. & Hellmann, J. J. (2008). An assessment of invasion risk from assisted migration. Conservation Biology 22, 562–567. PubMed

Mukheibir, P. (2010). Water access, water scarcity, and climate change. Environmental Management 45, 1027–1039. PubMed

Mulvey, G. (2010). When policy creates politics: the problematizing of immigration and the consequences for refugee integration in the UK. Journal of Refugee Studies 23, 437–462.

Muñoz‐Mas, R. , Essl, F. , van Kleunen, M. , Seebens, H. , Dawson, W. , Casal, C. M. V. & García‐Berthou, E. (2023). Two centuries of spatial and temporal dynamics of freshwater fish introductions. Global Ecology and Biogeography 32, 1632–1644.

Musolin, D. L. , Kirichenko, N. I. , Karpun, N. N. , Aksenenko, E. V. , Golub, V. B. , Kerchev, I. A. , Mandelshtam, M. Y. , Vasaitis, R. , Volkovitsh, M. G. , Zhuravleva, E. N. & Selikhovkin, A. V. (2022). Invasive insect pests of forests and urban trees in Russia: origin, pathways, damage, and management. Forests 13, 521.

Musolin, D. L. & Numata, H. (2003). Timing of diapause induction and its life‐history consequences in Nezara viridula: is it costly to expand the distribution range? Ecological Entomology 28, 694–703.

Nathan, M. (2014). The wider economic impacts of high‐skilled migrants: a survey of the literature for receiving countries. IZA Journal of Migration 3, 1–20.

Nathan, R. (2008). An emerging movement ecology paradigm. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 105, 19050–19051. PubMed PMC

Newman, B. N. (2022). Historical perspective: slavery over the centuries. In Human Trafficking, pp. 32–52. Routledge. New York City, NY, US.

Niedenthal, P. M. , Rychlowska, M. , Zhao, F. & Wood, A. (2019). Historical migration patterns shape contemporary cultures of emotion. Perspectives on Psychological Science 14, 560–573. PubMed

Niessen, J. (2014). The MIPEX assessment of the Republic of Korea's immigrant integration policies. OMNES: The Journal of Multicultural Society 4, 1–26.

Norberg, K. (2017). Educational leadership and im/migration: preparation, practice and policy – the Swedish case. International Journal of Educational Management 31, 633–645.

Norwegian Ministries (2022). Migration and Integration 2020–2021.

O'Donnell, C. A. , Burns, N. , Mair, F. S. , Dowrick, C. , Clissmann, C. , van den Muijsenbergh, M. , van Weel‐Baumgarten, E. , Lionis, C. , Papadakaki, M. , Saridaki, A. , de Brun, T. & MacFarlane, A. (2016). Reducing the health care burden for marginalised migrants: the potential role for primary care in Europe. Health Policy 120, 495–508. PubMed

Okólski, M. & Salt, J. (2014). Polish emigration to the UK after 2004; why did so many come? Central and Eastern European Migration Review 3, 11–37.

Olden, J. D. , Comte, L. & Giam, X. (2018). The Homogocene: a research prospectus for the study of biotic homogenisation. NeoBiota 37, 23–36.

Oliver, C. & Gidley, B. (2015). Integration of Migrants in Europe. University of Oxford, Centre on Migration, Policy and Society, Oxford.

O'Loughlin, L. S. & Green, P. T. (2017). Secondary invasion: when invasion success is contingent on other invaders altering the properties of recipient ecosystems. Ecology and Evolution 7, 7628–7637. PubMed PMC

Ongley, P. & Pearson, D. (1995). Post‐1945 international migration: New Zealand, Australia and Canada compared. International Migration Review 29, 765–793. PubMed

Ottaviano, G. & Peri, G. (2013). New frontiers of immigration research: cities and firms. Journal of Regional Science 53, 1–7.

Ottaviano, G. I. P. & Peri, G. (2012). The Effects of Immigration on US Wages and Rents: A General Equilibrium Approach. Edward Elgar Publishing, In Migration Impact Assessment p.

Palma, P. A. (2023). Economics or culture? Measuring economic thinking and cultural enrichment beliefs about immigration. Doctoral dissertation: The University of Western Ontario, Canada.

Palmer, C. A. (1994). The First Passage: Blacks in the Americas 1502–1617. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.

Parekh, B. (2006). Europe, liberalism and the ‘Muslim question’. In Multiculturalism, Muslims and Citizenship, pp. 179–203. Routledge, New York, NY, US.

Park, R. E. & Burgess, E. W. (2019). The City. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois, US.

Parker, I. M. , Simberloff, D. , Lonsdale, W. M. , Goodell, K. , Wonham, M. , Kareiva, P. M. , Williamson, M. H. , Von Holle, B. , Moyle, P. B. , Byers, J. E. & Goldwasser, L. (1999). Impact: toward a framework for understanding the ecological effects of invaders. Biological Invasions 1, 3–19.

Patterson, E. (2018). Just American Wars: Ethical Dilemmas in US Military History. Routledge. New York City, NY, US.

Payne, J. (2011. a). Private equity and its regulation in Europe. European Business Organization Law Review 12, 559–585.

Payne, S. G. (2011. b). Civil War in Europe, 1905–1949. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.

Pemunta, V. N. & Aristide, B. A. (2013). Socio‐spatial occupation, conflict and humanitarian assistance for Bororo cross‐border migrants in east Cameroon. International Journal of Development Issues 12, 271–288.

Peri, G. (2012). The effect of immigration on productivity: evidence from U.S. states. Review of Economics and Statistics 94, 348–358.

Perry, D. (2004). Animal rights and environmental wrongs. Essays in Philosophy 5, 327–342.

Peters, R. , Ripple, W. J. , Wolf, C. , Moskwik, M. , Carreón‐Arroyo, G. , Ceballos, G. , Córdova, A. , Dirzo, R. , Ehrlich, P. R. , Flesch, A. D. , List, R. , Lovejoy, T. E. , Noss, R. F. , Pacheco, J. , Sarukhán, J. K. , et al. (2018). Nature divided, scientists united: US–Mexico border wall threatens biodiversity and binational conservation. Bioscience 68, 740–743.

Phillimore, J. , Block, K. , Bradby, H. , Ozcurumez, S. & Papoutsi, A. (2023). Forced migration, sexual and gender‐based violence and integration: effects, risks and protective factors. Journal of International Migration and Integration 24, 715–745.

Pickering, S. , Segrave, M. , Tazreiter, C. & Weber, L. (2016). Migration control and human security. In The Ashgate Research Companion to Migration Law, Theory and Policy, pp. 535–561. Routledge, New York City, NY, US.

Pincetl, S. S. (2007). American perceptions of immigrant and invasive species: strangers on the land. Journal of American History 94, 588–589.

Piontkowski, U. , Rohmann, A. & Florack, A. (2002). Concordance of acculturation attitudes and perceived threat. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations 5, 221–232.

Pitoski, D. , Lampoltshammer, T. J. & Parycek, P. (2021). Drivers of human migration: a review of scientific evidence. Social Sciences 10, 21.

Poot, J. (1996). Information, communication and networks in international migration systems. The Annals of Regional Science 30, 55–73. PubMed

Popescu, A. (2016). The EU ‘costs’ of the refugee crisis. Europolity‐Continuity and Change in European Governance 10, 105–120.

Portes, A. (1997). Immigration theory for a new century: some problems and opportunities. International Migration Review 31, 799–825. PubMed

Portes, A. & Zhou, M. (1993). The new second generation: segmented assimilation and its variants. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 530, 74–96.

Posth, C. , Renaud, G. , Mittnik, A. , Drucker, D. G. , Rougier, H. , Cupillard, C. , Valentin, F. , Thevenet, C. , Furtwängler, A. , Wißing, C. , Francken, M. , Malina, M. , Bolus, M. , Lari, M. , Gigli, E. , et al. (2016). Pleistocene mitochondrial genomes suggest a single major dispersal of non‐Africans and a late glacial population turnover in Europe. Current Biology 26, 827–833. PubMed

Potts, R. (2013). Hominin evolution in settings of strong environmental variability. Quaternary Science Reviews 73, 1–13.

Pyšek, P. , Jarošík, V. & Pergl, J. (2011). Alien plants introduced by different pathways differ in invasion success: unintentional introductions as a threat to natural areas. PLoS One 6, e24890. PubMed PMC

Rapoport, H. , Sardoschau, S. & Silve, A. (2018). International Migration and Cultural Convergence. Paris School of Economics, Paris, France.

Ratha, D. , Mohapatra, S. & Scheja, E. (2011). Impact of migration on economic and social development: a review of evidence and emerging issues. In World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 5558. The World Bank, Washington, D.C.

Regan, T. (1983). Animal rights, human wrongs. In Ethics and Animals, pp. 19–43. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ.

Reynolds, S. A. & Aldridge, D. C. (2021). Global impacts of invasive species on the tipping points of shallow lakes. Global Change Biology 27, 6129–6138. PubMed

Ricciardi, A. & Cohen, J. (2007). The invasiveness of an introduced species does not predict its impact. Biological Invasions 9, 309–315.

Ricciardi, A. & MacIsaac, H. J. (2000). Recent mass invasion of the north American Great Lakes by Ponto–Caspian species. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 15, 62–65. PubMed

Ricciardi, A. & Simberloff, D. (2009). Assisted colonization is not a viable conservation strategy. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 24, 248–253. PubMed

Richards, C. L. , Bossdorf, O. , Muth, N. Z. , Gurevitch, J. & Pigliucci, M. (2006). Jack of all trades, master of some? On the role of phenotypic plasticity in plant invasions. Ecology Letters 9, 981–993. PubMed

Richardson, D. M. , Pyšek, P. , Rejmánek, M. , Barbour, M. G. , Panetta, F. D. & West, C. J. (2000). Naturalization and invasion of alien plants: concepts and definitions. Diversity and Distributions 6, 93–107.

Richardson, D. M. & Ricciardi, A. (2013). Misleading criticisms of invasion science: a field guide. Diversity and Distributions 19, 1461–1467.

Riley, S. (2019). Listening to nature's voice: invasive species, earth jurisprudence and compassionate conservation. Asia Pacific Journal of Environmental Law 22, 117–136.

Riva, G. (2005). Ambient Intelligence: The Evolution of Technology, Communication and Cognition towards the Future of Human‐Computer Interaction. IOS press, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.

Rizvi, S. I. (2022). Evolutionary forces and human migration: how sapiens conquered the world. In Climate Change, Disaster and Adaptations: Contextualising Human Responses to Ecological Change, pp. 195–199. Springer International Publishing, Cham, Switzerland.

Robbins, P. , Hintz, J. G. & Moore, S. A. (2022). Environment and Society: A Critical Introduction. John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, NJ, US.

Rodrigues, J. H. (1962). The influence of Africa on Brazil and of Brazil on Africa. The Journal of African History 3, 49–67.

Rotblat, J. (1999). A hippocratic oath for scientists. Science 286, 1475. PubMed

Roy, H. E. , Pauchard, A. , Stoett, P. J. , Renard Truong, T. , Meyerson, L. A. , Bacher, S. , Galil, B. S. , Hulme, P. E. , Ikeda, T. , Kavileveettil, S. , McGeoch, M. A. , Nuñez, M. A. , Ordonez, A. , Rahlao, S. J. , Schwindt, E. , et al. (2024). Curbing the major and growing threats from invasive alien species is urgent and achievable. Nature Ecology & Evolution 8, 1216–1223. PubMed

Ruedin, D. (2011). The reliability of MIPEX indicators as scales. In SOM Working Papers Number 2011–03. Didier Ruedin, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.

Russell, J. C. & Blackburn, T. M. (2017). Invasive alien species: denialism, disagreement, definitions, and dialogue. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 32, 312–314. PubMed

Russell, J. C. & Kaiser‐Bunbury, C. N. (2019). Consequences of multispecies introductions on Island ecosystems. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 50, 169–190.

Salikutluk, Z. & Menke, K. (2021). Gendered integration? How recently arrived male and female refugees fare on the German labour market. Journal of Family Research 33, 284–321.

Saltré, F. , Chadœuf, J. , Higham, T. , Ochocki, M. , Block, S. , Bunney, E. , Llamas, B. & Bradshaw, C. J. A. (2024). Environmental conditions associated with initial northern expansion of anatomically modern humans. Nature Communications 15, 4364. PubMed PMC

Sauer, J. D. (1988). Plant Migration: The Dynamics of Geographic Patterning in Seed Plant Species. University of California Press, Oakland, CA, US.

Sax, D. F. , Schlaepfer, M. A. & Olden, J. D. (2022). Valuing the contributions of non‐native species to people and nature. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 37, 1058–1066. PubMed

Scheinfeldt, L. B. & Tishkoff, S. A. (2013). Recent human adaptation: genomic approaches, interpretation and insights. Nature Reviews Genetics 14, 692–702. PubMed PMC

Schlaepfer, D. R. , Glättli, M. , Fischer, M. & van Kleunen, M. (2010). A multi‐species experiment in their native range indicates pre‐adaptation of invasive alien plant species. New Phytologist 185, 1087–1099. PubMed

Schlaepfer, M. A. (2017). Introduced Species Are Not Always the Enemy of Conservation. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.

Schlaepfer, M. A. (2018). Do non‐native species contribute to biodiversity? PLoS Biology 16, e2005568. PubMed PMC

Schlaepfer, M. A. , Sax, D. F. & Olden, J. D. (2011). The potential conservation value of non‐native species. Conservation Biology 25, 428–437. PubMed

Scholten, P. (2022). Introduction to Migration Studies: An Interactive Guide to the Literatures on Migration and Diversity. Springer International Publishing, Cham, Switzerland.

Schrover, M. (2022). Migration history. In Introduction to Migration Studies: An Interactive Guide to the Literatures on Migration and Diversity (ed. Scholten P.), pp. 25–46. Springer International Publishing, Cham, Switzerland.

Schwindt, E. , Battini, N. , Giachetti, C. , Castro, K. & Bortolus, A. (2018). Especies exóticas marino‐costeras. Marine‐coastal exotic species, Vázquez Mazzini Editores, Argentina.

Seebens, H. , Blackburn, T. M. , Dyer, E. E. , Genovesi, P. , Hulme, P. E. , Jeschke, J. M. , Pagad, S. , Pyšek, P. , Winter, M. , Arianoutsou, M. , Bacher, S. , Blasius, B. , Brundu, G. , Capinha, C. , Celesti‐Grapow, L. , et al. (2017). No saturation in the accumulation of alien species worldwide. Nature Communications 8, 14435. PubMed PMC

Seglow, J. (2005). The ethics of immigration. Political Studies Review 3, 317–334.

Senior, R. A. , Bagwyn, R. , Leng, D. , Killion, A. K. , Jetz, W. & Wilcove, D. S. (2024). Global shortfalls in documented actions to conserve biodiversity. Nature 630, 387–391. PubMed PMC

Serban, H. A. (2021). Biosecurity as a theme, a domain and a reality in international relations. Romanian Review of Political Sciences & International Relations 18, 159.

Serrano‐Rojas, S. J. , Whitworth, A. , Paredes‐Garcia, J. A. , Pillco‐Huarcaya, R. , Whittaker, L. , Huaypar‐Loayza, K. H. & MacLeod, R. (2022). Indigenous lands are better for amphibian biodiversity conservation than immigrant‐managed agricultural lands: a case study from Manu Biosphere Reserve, Peru. Tropical Conservation Science 15, 194008292211348.

Sert, D. S. & Erenler, T. C. (2021). Theories of migration: reasons for mobility. In No poverty, pp. 1061–1072. Springer International Publishing, Cham, Switzerland.

Shackleton, R. T. , Foxcroft, L. C. , Pyšek, P. , Wood, L. E. & Richardson, D. M. (2020). Assessing biological invasions in protected areas after 30 years: revisiting nature reserves targeted by the 1980s SCOPE programme. Biological Conservation 243, 108424.

Shaev, B. & Hackett, S. (2021). Cities, migration and the historiography of post‐war Europe. Journal of Migration History 7, 191–219.

Shevoroshkin, V. (1986). Indo‐European homeland and migrations. Folia Linguistica Historica 20, 227–250.

Shine, R. (2010). The ecological impact of invasive Cane Toads (Bufo marinus) in Australia. The Quarterly Review of Biology 85, 253–291. PubMed

Shine, R. , Ward‐Fear, G. & Brown, G. P. (2020). A famous failure: why were cane toads an ineffective biocontrol in Australia? Conservation Science and Practice 2, e296.

Simberloff, D. (2003). Confronting introduced species: a form of xenophobia? Biological Invasions 5, 179–192.

Simberloff, D. (2006). Invasional meltdown 6 years later: important phenomenon, unfortunate metaphor, or both? Ecology Letters 9, 912–919. PubMed

Simberloff, D. , Bortolus, A. , Carlton, J. T. , Courchamp, F. , Cuthbert, R. N. , Hulme, P. E. , Lockwood, J. L. , Meyerson, L. A. , Nuñez, M. A. , Ricciardi, A. , Richardson, D. M. & Schwindt, E. (2024). Systematic and persistent bias against invasion science: framing conservation scientists. Bioscience 74, 312–314.

Simberloff, D. , Souza, L. , Nuñez, M. A. , Barrios‐Garcia, M. N. & Bunn, W. (2012). The natives are restless, but not often and mostly when disturbed. Ecology 93, 598–607. PubMed

Simberloff, D. & Von Holle, B. (1999). Positive interactions of nonindigenous species: invasional meltdown? Biological Invasions 1, 21–32.

Singh, S. K. , Ash, G. J. & Hodda, M. (2015). Keeping ‘one step ahead’ of invasive species: using an integrated framework to screen and target species for detailed biosecurity risk assessment. Biological Invasions 17, 1069–1086.

Smirnov, O. , Lahav, G. , Orbell, J. , Zhang, M. & Xiao, T. (2023). Climate change, drought, and potential environmental migration flows under different policy scenarios. International Migration Review 57, 36–67.

Smithers, J. & Smit, B. (1997). Human adaptation to climatic variability and change. Global Environmental Change 7, 129–146.

Soto, A. G. R. , Banulescu‐Bogdan, N. , Clark‐Ginsberg, A. , Lopez, A. & Salas, A. V. (2023). Migration Narratives in Northern Central America: How Competing Stories Shape Policy and Public Opinion in Guatemala, Honduras, and El Salvador. Migration Policy Institute, USA.

Soto, I. , Balzani, P. , Carneiro, L. , Cuthbert, R. N. , Macêdo, R. , Serhan Tarkan, A. , Ahmed, D. A. , Bang, A. , Bacela‐Spychalska, K. , Bailey, S. A. , Baudry, T. , Ballesteros‐Mejia, L. , Bortolus, A. , Briski, E. , Britton, J. R. , et al. (2024. a). Taming the terminological tempest in invasion science. Biological Reviews 99, 1357–1390. PubMed

Soto, I. , Balzani, P. , Oficialdegui, F. J. , Molinero, C. , Kouba, A. , Ahmed, D. A. , Turbelin, A. J. , Hudgins, E. J. , Bodey, T. W. , Gojery, S. A. , Courchamp, F. , Cuthbert, R. N. & Haubrock, P. J. (2024. b). The wild cost of invasive feral animals worldwide. Science of the Total Environment 912, 169281. PubMed

Soto Nishimura, A. & Czaika, M. (2024). Exploring migration determinants: a meta‐analysis of migration drivers and estimates. Journal of International Migration and Integration 25, 621–643.

Soulé, M. E. (1990). The onslaught of alien species, and other challenges in the coming decades. Conservation Biology 4, 233–240.

Sousa, R. , Pilotto, F. & Aldridge, D. C. (2011). Fouling of European freshwater bivalves (Unionidae) by the invasive zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha). Freshwater Biology 56, 867–876.

Spear, M. J. , Walsh, J. R. , Ricciardi, A. & Zanden, M. J. V. (2021). The invasion ecology of sleeper populations: prevalence, persistence, and abrupt shifts. Bioscience 71, 357–369.

Splansky, J. (1966). The concentric zone theory of city structure: As applied to an African city: Ibadan, Nigeria. Yearbook of the Association of Pacific Coast Geographers 28, 135–146.

Sponsel, L. E. (2013). Human impact on biodiversity, overview. Encyclopedia of Biodiversity 4, 137–152.

Spriggs, M. (2011). Archaeology and the Austronesian expansion: where are we now? Antiquity 85, 510–528.

Stark, O. & Bloom, D. E. (1985). The new economics of labor migration. The American Economic Review 75, 173–178.

Stark, O. & Wang, Y. Q. (2002). Migration dynamics. Economics Letters 76, 159–164.

Statham, P. & Tillie, J. (2016). Muslims in their European societies of settlement: a comparative agenda for empirical research on socio‐cultural integration across countries and groups. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 42, 177–196.

Štefan, I. (2021). Slavery and slave trade in early medieval Bohemia: archaeology of slavery or slavery of archaeology? In The Archaeology of Slavery in Early Medieval Northern Europe: The Invisible Commodity, pp. 127–140. Springer International Publishing, Cham, Switzerland.

Stevenson, E. A. , Robertson, P. , Hickinbotham, E. , Mair, L. , Willby, N. J. , Mill, A. , Booy, O. , Witts, K. & Pattison, Z. (2023). Synthesising 35 years of invasive non‐native species research. Biological Invasions 25, 2423–2438.

Stoll, D. (2009). Which American dream do you mean? Society 46, 398–402.

Stringer, C. B. (2020). Replacement, continuity and the origin of Homo sapiens . In Continuity or Replacement, pp. 9–24. CRC Press, Oxfordshire, UK.

Subramaniam, B. (2001). The aliens have landed! Reflections on the rhetoric of biological invasions. Meridians: Feminism, Race, Transnationalism 2, 26–40.

Sun, J. , Koski, T.‐M. , Wickham, J. D. , Baranchikov, Y. N. & Bushley, K. E. (2024). Emerald ash borer management and research: decades of damage and still expanding. Annual Review of Entomology 69, 239–258. PubMed

Sun, X. , Chen, J. & Xie, S. (2022). Becoming urban citizens: a three‐phase perspective on the social integration of rural–urban migrants in China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, 5946. PubMed PMC

Susen, S. (2020). Sociology in the Twenty‐First Century. Springer International Publishing, Cham, Switzerland.

Svenning, J.‐C. , Pedersen, P. B. M. , Donlan, C. J. , Ejrnæs, R. , Faurby, S. , Galetti, M. , Hansen, D. M. , Sandel, B. , Sandom, C. J. , Terborgh, J. W. & Vera, F. W. M. (2016). Science for a wilder Anthropocene: synthesis and future directions for trophic rewilding research. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, 898–906. PubMed PMC

Switzer, D. & Angeli, N. F. (2016). Human and non‐human migration: understanding species introduction and translocation through migration ethics. Environmental Values 25, 443–463.

Tarkan, A. S. , Kurtul, I. , Błońska, D. , Britton, J. R. & Haubrock, P. J. (2024). Resolving the issues of translocated species in freshwater invasions. NeoBiota 93, 177–186.

Tassin, J. & Kull, C. A. (2015). Facing the broader dimensions of biological invasions. Land Use Policy 42, 165–169.

Taylor, J. E. , Filipski, M. J. , Alloush, M. , Gupta, A. , Rojas Valdes, R. I. & Gonzalez‐Estrada, E. (2016). Economic impact of refugees. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, 7449–7453. PubMed PMC

Tazzioli, M. (2019). The Making of Migration: The Biopolitics of Mobility at Europe's Borders. Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, CA, US.

Terborgh, J. (1974). Preservation of natural diversity: the problem of extinction prone species. Bioscience 24, 715–722.

Thomas, C. D. (2013). The Anthropocene could raise biological diversity. Nature 502, 7. PubMed

Toivanen, A.‐L. (2019). Zombified mobilities: clandestine Afroeuropean journeys in J. R. Essomba's Le paradis du nord and Caryl Phillips's a distant shore . Journal of African Cultural Studies 31, 120–134.

Townhill, B. , Pinnegar, J. , Tinker, J. , Jones, M. , Simpson, S. , Stebbing, P. & Dye, S. (2017). Non‐native marine species in north‐west Europe: developing an approach to assess future spread using regional downscaled climate projections. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 27, 1035–1050.

Trask, A. E. , Ferrie, G. M. , Wang, J. , Newland, S. , Canessa, S. , Moehrenschlager, A. , Laut, M. , Duenas, L. B. & Ewen, J. G. (2021). Multiple life‐stage inbreeding depression impacts demography and extinction risk in an extinct‐in‐the‐wild species. Scientific Reports 11, 682. PubMed PMC

Turbelin, A. J. , Hudgins, E. J. , Catford, J. A. , Cuthbert, R. N. , Diagne, C. , Kourantidou, M. , Roiz, D. & Courchamp, F. (2024). Biological invasions as burdens to primary economic sectors. Global Environmental Change 87, 102858.

Utych, S. M. (2018). How dehumanization influences attitudes toward immigrants. Political Research Quarterly 71, 440–452.

van Hoorn, A. & Maseland, R. (2010). Cultural differences between east and West Germany after 1991: communist values versus economic performance? Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 76, 791–804.

van Houte, M. , Kaşlı, Z. & Leerkes, A. (2023). Introduction: Irregularized humanitarian migrants—policies, rationales, and the search for more durable solutions. Journal of Refugee Studies 36, 315–336.

Van Oudenhoven, J. P. , Ward, C. & Masgoret, A.‐M. (2006). Patterns of relations between immigrants and host societies. International Journal of Intercultural Relations 30, 637–651.

van Riemsdijk, M. , Basford, S. & Burnham, A. (2016). Socio‐cultural incorporation of skilled migrants at work: employer and migrant perspectives. International Migration 54, 20–34.

Vannacci, R. (2023). Il mondo al contrario. Independently Published.

Vellend, M. (2010). Conceptual synthesis in community ecology. The Quarterly Review of Biology 85, 183–206. PubMed

Vilà, M. , Dunn, A. M. , Essl, F. , Gomez‐Díaz, E. , Hulme, P. E. , Jeschke, J. M. , Núñez, M. A. , Ostfeld, R. S. , Pauchard, A. , Ricciardi, A. & Gallardo, B. (2021). Viewing emerging human infectious epidemics through the lens of invasion biology. Bioscience 71, 722–740.

Villanea, F. A. & Schraiber, J. G. (2018). Multiple episodes of interbreeding between Neanderthal and modern humans. Nature Ecology & Evolution 3, 39–44. PubMed PMC

Vimercati, G. , Kumschick, S. , Probert, A. F. , Volery, L. & Bacher, S. (2020). The importance of assessing positive and beneficial impacts of alien species. NeoBiota 62, 525–545.

Vimercati, G. , Probert, A. F. , Volery, L. , Bernardo‐Madrid, R. , Bertolino, S. , Céspedes, V. , Essl, F. , Evans, T. , Gallardo, B. , Gallien, L. , González‐Moreno, P. , Grange, M. C. , Hui, C. , Jeschke, J. M. , Katsanevakis, S. , et al. (2022). The EICAT+ framework enables classification of positive impacts of alien taxa on native biodiversity. PLoS Biology 20, e3001729. PubMed PMC

Vogelaar, A. E. (2021). The rhetoric of invasive species: managing belonging on a novel planet. Revue française des sciences de l'information et de la communication 21.

Vonyó, T. (2018). The Economic Consequences of the War: West Germany's Growth Miracle after 1945. Cambridge Studies in Economic History, Second Series.

Wallerstein, I. (2015). The itinerary of world‐systems analysis; or, how to resist becoming a theory. In Uncertain Worlds, pp. 195–217. Routledge, Lanham, MD, US.

Walvin, J. (2013). Crossings: Africa, the Americas and the Atlantic Slave Trade. Reaktion Books, London, UK.

Watters, C. (2011). Education, migration and the ‘failure’ of multiculturalism. British Journal of Sociology of Education 32, 319–327.

Weikart, R. (2013). The role of Darwinism in Nazi racial thought. German Studies Review 36, 537–556.

Weitkamp, E. , Milani, E. , Joubert, M. & Riedlinger, M. (2024). Politicisation of science in COVID‐19 editorial cartoons: a comparative study of cartoons in Australia, South Africa and the United Kingdom. Journalism Studies 25, 813–836.

Werbner, P. (2005). The translocation of culture: ‘community cohesion’ and the force of multiculturalism in history. The Sociological Review 53, 745–768.

White, G. F. (1987). SCOPE: the first sixteen years. Environmental Conservation 14, 7–13.

Whittaker, R. J. & Fernández‐Palacios, J. M. (2007). Island Biogeography: Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.

Whittaker, R. J. , Fernández‐Palacios, J. M. & Matthews, T. J. (2023). The human transformation of Island ecosystems. In Island biogeography: geo‐environmental dynamics, ecology, evolution, human impact, and conservation (Volume 3, ed. Whittaker R. J.), pp. 347–368. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.

Williams, E. (2013). Capitalism and slavery. In Sociological Worlds, pp. 260–268. Routledge, London, UK.

Wilson, C. A. (1996). Racism: From Slavery to Advanced Capitalism. Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA, US.

Wolpoff, M. H. (2020). Theories of modern human origins. In Continuity or Replacement, pp. 25–63. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, US.

Yarwood, V. , Checchi, F. , Lau, K. & Zimmerman, C. (2022). LGBTQI + migrants: a systematic review and conceptual framework of health, safety and wellbeing during migration. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, 869. PubMed PMC

Yen, P. T.‐W. & Cheong, S. A. (2023). Scientific debate on human migration: ethics, challenges, and solutions. Frontiers in Physics 11, 1088699.

Ypi, L. (2008). Justice in migration: a closed borders utopia? Journal of Political Philosophy 16, 391–418.

Zenni, R. D. & Nuñez, M. A. (2013). The elephant in the room: the role of failed invasions in understanding invasion biology. Oikos 122, 801–815.

Zimmer, T. (2019). Reflections on the challenges of writing a (pre‐)history of the ‘polarized’ present. Modern American History 2, 403–408.