Biological invasions are responsible for substantial biodiversity declines as well as high economic losses to society and monetary expenditures associated with the management of these invasions1,2. The InvaCost database has enabled the generation of a reliable, comprehensive, standardized and easily updatable synthesis of the monetary costs of biological invasions worldwide3. Here we found that the total reported costs of invasions reached a minimum of US$1.288 trillion (2017 US dollars) over the past few decades (1970-2017), with an annual mean cost of US$26.8 billion. Moreover, we estimate that the annual mean cost could reach US$162.7 billion in 2017. These costs remain strongly underestimated and do not show any sign of slowing down, exhibiting a consistent threefold increase per decade. We show that the documented costs are widely distributed and have strong gaps at regional and taxonomic scales, with damage costs being an order of magnitude higher than management expenditures. Research approaches that document the costs of biological invasions need to be further improved. Nonetheless, our findings call for the implementation of consistent management actions and international policy agreements that aim to reduce the burden of invasive alien species.

CEE M UMR5211 Univ Montpellier CNRS INRAE Institut Agro Montpellier France

Department of Ecosystem Biology Faculty of Science University of South Bohemia České Budějovice Czech Republic

Global Ecology College of Science and Engineering Flinders University Adelaide South Australia Australia

Institute of Hydrobiology Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences České Budějovice Czech Republic

ISEM Univ Montpellier CNRS IRD Montpellier France

MIVEGEC Univ Montpellier IRD CNRS Montpellier France

Unité Biologie des Organismes et Ecosystèmes Aquatiques Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle Sorbonne Université Université de Caen Normandie CNRS IRD Université des Antilles Paris France

Université Paris Saclay CNRS AgroParisTech Ecologie Systématique Evolution Orsay France

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Nature. 2022 Jun;606(7916):864. doi: 10.1038/d41586-022-01773-1. PubMed

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Nature. 2022 Aug;608(7924):E35. doi: 10.1038/s41586-022-05100-6. PubMed

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