In a hyperconnected world, framing and managing biological invasions poses complex and contentious challenges, affecting socioeconomic and environmental sectors. This complexity distinguishes the field and fuels polarized debates. In the present article, we synthesize four contentious issues in invasion science that are rarely addressed together: vocabulary usage, the potential benefits of nonnative species, perceptions shifting because of global change, and rewilding practices and biological invasions. Researchers have predominantly focused on single issues; few have addressed multiple components of the debate within or across disciplinary boundaries. Ignoring the interconnected nature of these issues risks overlooking crucial cross-links. We advocate for interdisciplinary approaches that better integrate social and natural sciences. Although they are challenging, interdisciplinary collaborations offer hope to overcome polarization issues in invasion science. These may bridge disagreements, facilitate knowledge exchange, and reshape invasion science narratives. Finally, we present a contemporary agenda to advance future research, management, and constructive dialogue.

African Amphibian Conservation Research Group Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management of North West University Potchefstroom South Africa

Centre for Invasion Biology Department of Botany and Zoology at Stellenbosch University Stellenbosch South Africa

Department of Chemistry Life Sciences Environmental Sustainability at the University of Parma Parma Italy

Department of Geography and Environment at Loughborough University Loughborough England United Kingdom

Department of Ichthyology and Fisheries Science at Rhodes University

Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology at the University of Turin Turin Italy

Department of Plant Biology and Ecology at the University of Sevilla Sevilla Spain

Department of Wildlife Fish Environmental Studies at the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Uppsala

Environment Agency of Bristol England United Kingdom

Estación Biológica de Doñana

Estación Biológica de Doñana Sevilla Spain

Estación Experimental de Zonas Áridas Almería Spain

Faculty of Biological Sciences at the University of Leeds Leeds England United Kingdom

Institute for Environmental Protection and Research Roma Italy

Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences Prague the Czech Republic

Instituto Patagonico para el Estudio de los Ecosistemas Continentales Chubut Argentina

Research Group on Zoology Biodiversity and Toxicology at the Centre for Environmental Sciences at Hasselt University Diepenbeek Belgium

School of Applied Science and Open Learning at Kapasa Makasa University Chinsali Zambia

School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences at the University of Washington Seattle Washington United States

School of Molecular and Life Science at Curtin University Perth Western Australia Australia

South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity Makhanda South Africa

Swiss Federal Institute for Forest Snow and Landscape Research Birmensdorf Switzerland

Zobrazit více v PubMed

Alsos  IG, Ware  C, Elven  R.  2015. Past Arctic aliens have passed away, current ones may stay. Biological Invasions  17: 3113–3123.

Amalfitano  S, Coci  M, Corno  G, Luna  GM. 2015. A microbial perspective on biological invasions in aquatic ecosystems. Hydrobiologia  746: 13–22.

Amano  T  et al.  2023. The role of non-English-language science in informing national biodiversity assessments. Nature Sustainability  6: 845–854.

Angerbjörn  A  et al.  2013. Carnivore conservation in practice: Replicated management actions on a large spatial scale. Journal of Applied Ecology  50: 59–67.

Anton  A, Geraldi  NR, Ricciardi  A, Dick  JT. 2020. Global determinants of prey naïveté to exotic predators. Proceedings of the Royal Society B  287: 20192978. PubMed PMC

Antonsich  M. 2021. Natives and aliens: Who and what belongs in nature and in the nation?  Area  53: 303–310.

Aoki  LR  et al.  2022. Preparing aquatic research for an extreme future: Call for improved definitions and responsive, multidisciplinary approaches. BioScience  72: 508–520. PubMed PMC

Asase  A, Mzumara-Gawa  TI, Owino  JO, Peterson  AT, Saupe  E.  2022. Replacing “parachute science” with “global science” in ecology and conservation biology. Conservation Science and Practice  4: e517.

Aslan  CE, Aslan  A, Croll  D, Tershy  B, Zavaleta  E. 2014. Building taxon substitution guidelines on a biological control foundation. Restoration Ecology  22: 437–441.

Azzurro  E, Maynou  F, Belmaker  J, Golani  D, Crooks  JA. 2016. Lag times in Lessepsian fish invasion. Biological Invasions  18: 2761–2772.

Bacher  S  et al.  2018. Socio-economic impact classification of alien taxa (SEICAT). Methods in Ecology and Evolution  9: 159–168.

Bacher  S  et al.  2023. Impacts of invasive alien species on nature, nature's contributions to people, and good quality of life. Pages 397–559 in Roy  HE, Pauchard  A, Stoett  P, Renard Truong  T eds. Thematic Assessment Report on Invasive Alien Species and Their Control of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services. Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services. 10.5281/zenodo.7430731. DOI

Basiita  RK  et al.  2022. Performance of Oreochromis niloticus and Oreochromis andersonii in controlled laboratory conditions in Zambia. Aquaculture Reports  27: 101338.

Bayón  Á, Vilà  M. 2019. Horizon scanning to identify invasion risk of ornamental plants marketed in Spain. NeoBiota  52: 47–86.

BBC . 2019. Invasive species: MPs call for a million people's help. BBC (24 October 2019). www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-50173577.

Bertelsmeier  C, Luque  GM, Hoffmann  BD, Courchamp  F. 2015. Worldwide ant invasions under climate change. Biodiversity and Conservation  24: 117–128.

Blackburn  TM, Pyšek  P, Bacher  S, Carlton  JT, Duncan  RP, Jarošík  V, Wilson  JR, Richardson  DM. 2011. A proposed unified framework for biological invasions. Trends in Ecology and Evolution  26: 333–339. PubMed

Blackburn  TM, Bellard  C, Ricciardi  A. 2019. Alien versus native species as drivers of recent extinctions. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment  17: 203–207.

Bolpagni  R. 2021. Towards global dominance of invasive alien plants in freshwater ecosystems: The dawn of the Exocene?  Hydrobiologia  848: 2259–2279.

Boon  PJ, Clarke  SA, Copp  GH. 2020. Alien species and the EU Water Framework Directive: A comparative assessment of European approaches. Biological Invasions  22: 1497–1512.

Bortolus  A. 2012. Running like Alice and losing good ideas: On the quasi-compulsive use of English by non-native English-speaking scientists. Ambio  41: 769–772. PubMed PMC

Bortolus  A, Schwindt  E. 2022. Biological invasions and human dimensions: We still need to work hard on our social perspectives. Ecología Austral  32: 767–783.

Bradley  BA, Beaury  EM, Fusco  EJ, Lopez  BE. 2022. Invasive species policy must embrace a changing climate. BioScience  73: 124–133.

Bradley  BA  et al.  2024. Observed and potential range shifts of native and nonnative species with climate change. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics  55: 013135. 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-102722-013135. DOI

Braga  RR, Gómez Aparicio  L, Heger  T, Vitule  JRS, Jeschke  JM.  2018. Invasional meltdown hypothesis. Pages 79–91 in Jeschke  JM, Heger  T, eds. Invasion Biology: Hypotheses and Evidence. CABI.

Brugueras  S  et al.  2020. Environmental drivers, climate change and emergent diseases transmitted by mosquitoes and their vectors in southern Europe: A systematic review. Environmental Research  191: 110038. PubMed

Caceres-Escobar  H, Kark  S, Atkinson  SC, Possingham  HP, Davis  KJ. 2019. Integrating local knowledge to prioritise invasive species management. People and Nature  1: 220–233.

Carneiro  L  et al.  2024. Benefits do not balance costs of biological invasions. BioScience  74: 340–344. 10.1093/biosci/biae010. DOI

Carver  S  et al.  2021. Guiding principles for rewilding. Conservation Biology  35: 1882–1893. PubMed

Catford  JA, Wilson  JR, Pyšek  P, Hulme  PE, Duncan  RP. 2022. Addressing context dependence in ecology. Trends in Ecology and Evolution  37: 158–170 PubMed

Cerasoli  F, Iannella  M, Biondi  M. 2019. Between the hammer and the anvil: How the combined effect of global warming and the non-native common slider could threaten the European pond turtle. Management of Biological Invasions  10: 428.

Céspedes  V, Bernardo-Madrid  R, Picazo  F, Vilà  M, Rubio  C, García  M, Sanz  I, Gallardo  B. 2024. Massive decline of invasive apple snail populations after blue crab invasion in the Ebro River, Spain. Biological Invasions  2024: 03334.

Chakandinakira  AT, Madzivanzira  TC, Mashonga  S, Muzvondiwa  JV, Ndlovu  N, South  J. 2023. Socioeconomic impacts of Australian redclaw crayfish Cherax quadricarinatus in Lake Kariba. Biological Invasions  25: 2801–2812.

Cidrás  D, González-Hidalgo  M. 2022. Defining invasive alien species from the roots up: Lessons from the “de-eucalyptising brigades” in Galicia, Spain. Political Geography  99: 102746.

Clavero  M. 2014. Shifting baselines and the conservation of non-native species. Conservation Biology  28: 1434–1436.

Colautti  RI, MacIsaac  HJ. 2004. A neutral terminology to define “invasive” species. Diversity and Distributions  10: 135–141.

Copp  GH  et al.  2021. Speaking their language–development of a multilingual decision-support tool for communicating invasive species risks to decision makers and stakeholders. Environmental Modelling and Software  135: 104900.

Courchamp  F, Fournier  A, Bellard  C, Bertelsmeier  C, Bonnaud  E, Jeschke  JM, Russell  JC. 2017. Invasion biology: Specific problems and possible solutions. Trends in Ecology and Evolution  32: 13–22. PubMed

Cranston  J, Crowley  SL, Early  R. 2022. UK wildlife recorders cautiously welcome range-shifting species but incline against intervention to promote or control their establishment. People and Nature  4: 879–892.

Davis  MA  et al.  2011. Don't judge species on their origins. Nature  474:  153–154. PubMed

Derham  TT, Duncan  RP, Johnson  CN, Jones  ME. 2018. Hope and caution: Rewilding to mitigate the impacts of biological invasions. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B  373: 20180127. PubMed PMC

Dettori  EE, Balestrieri  A, Zapata-Perez  VM, Bruno  D, Rubio-Saura  N, Robledano-Aymerich  F. 2021. Distribution and diet of recovering Eurasian otter (Lutra lutra) along the natural-to-urban habitat gradient (river Segura, SE Spain). Urban Ecosystems  24: 1221–1230.

Diagne  C, Leroy  B, Vaissière  AC, Gozlan  RE, Roiz  D, Jarić  I, Salles  JM, Bradshaw  CJ, Courchamp  F. 2021. High and rising economic costs of biological invasions worldwide. Nature  592: 571–576. PubMed

Dobel  AJ, Willby  N, Ives  SC, May  L, Carvalho  L, Olszewska  J, Pickard  A, Spears  BM. 2020. Rewilding revisited: Don't forget about freshwater ecology. Science  364: 5570.

Donlan  CJ  et al.  2006. Pleistocene rewilding: An optimistic agenda for twenty-first century conservation. American Naturalist  168: 660–681. PubMed

Downey  PO, Williams  MC, Whiffen  LK, Auld  BA, Hamilton  MA, Burley  AL, Turner  PJ. 2010. Managing alien plants for biodiversity outcomes: The need for triage. Invasive Plant Science and Management  3: 1–11.

Drake  JA, Mooney  HA, diCastri  F, Groves  RH, Kruger  FJ, Rejmánek  M, Williamson  M. 1989. Biological Invasions: A Global Perspective. Wiley.

Duffy  GA, Coetzee  BW, Latombe  G, Akerman  AH, McGeoch  MA, Chown  SL. 2017. Barriers to globally invasive species are weakening across the Antarctic. Diversity and Distributions  23: 982–996.

Early  R  et al.  2016. Global threats from invasive alien species in the twenty-first century and national response capacities. Nature Communications  7: 1–9. PubMed PMC

Elton  CS. 1958. The Ecology of Invasions by Animals and Plants. Methuen.

Essl  F  et al.  2018. Which taxa are alien? Criteria, applications, and uncertainties. BioScience  68: 496–509.

Essl  F  et al.  2019. A conceptual framework for range-expanding species that track human-induced environmental change. BioScience  69: 908–919.

Everard  M, Pinder  AC, Raghavan  R, Kataria  G. 2019. Are well-intended Buddhist practices an under-appreciated threat to global aquatic biodiversity?  Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems  29: 136–141.

Falcón  W, Hansen  DM. 2018. Island rewilding with giant tortoises in an era of climate change. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B  373: 20170442. PubMed PMC

Fernández  N, Navarro  LM, Pereira  HM. 2017. Rewilding: A call for boosting ecological complexity in conservation. Conservation Letters  10: 276–278.

Foster  JT, Robinson  SK. 2007. Introduced birds and the fate of Hawaiian rainforests. Conservation Biology  21: 1248–1257. PubMed

Fricke  RM, Olden  JD. 2023. Technological innovations enhance invasive species management in the Anthropocene. BioScience  73: 261–279.

Fricke  EC, Svenning  JC. 2020. Accelerating homogenization of the global plant–frugivore meta-network. Nature  585: 74–78. PubMed

Gallardo  B, Aldridge  DC. 2018. Inter-basin water transfers and the expansion of aquatic invasive species. Water Research  143: 282–291. PubMed

Gallardo  B, Aldridge  DA, González-Moreno  P, Pergl  J, Pizarro  M, Pyšek  P, Thuiller  W, Yesson  C, Vilà  M. 2017. Protected areas offer refuge from invasive species spreading under climate change. Global Change Biology  23: 5331–5343. PubMed

Genovesi  P, Simberloff  D. 2020. “De-extinction” in conservation: Assessing risks of releasing “resurrected” species. Journal for Nature Conservation  56: 125838.

Geppert  C, Bertolli  A, Prosser  F, Marini  L. 2023. Red-listed plants are contracting their elevational range faster than common plants in the European Alps. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences  120: e2211531120 PubMed PMC

Golebie  EJ, van Riper  CJ, Arlinghaus  R, Gaddy  M, Jang  S, Kochalski  S, Lu  Y, Olden  JD, Stedman  R, Suski  C. 2022. Words matter: A systematic review of communication in non-native aquatic species literature. NeoBiota  74: 1–28.

Goodenough  A. 2010. Are the ecological impacts of alien species misrepresented? A review of the “native good, alien bad” philosophy. Community Ecology  11: 13–21.

Gordon  IJ, Pérez-Barbería  FJ, Manning  AD. 2021. Rewilding lite: Using traditional domestic livestock to achieve rewilding outcomes. Sustainability  13: 3347.

Gozlan  RE, Burnard  D, Andreou  D, Britton  JR. 2013. Understanding the threats posed by non-native species: Public vs. conservation managers. PLOS ONE  8: e53200. PubMed PMC

Graham  NAJ  et al.  2018. Seabirds enhance coral reef productivity and functioning in the absence of invasive rats. Nature  559: 250–253. PubMed

Gu  S, Qi  T, Rohr  JR, Liu  X. 2023. Meta-analysis reveals less sensitivity of non-native animals than natives to extreme weather worldwide. Nature Ecology and Evolution  6: 1–24. PubMed

Guareschi  S, Laini  A, England  J, Barrett  J, Wood  PJ. 2021. Multiple co-occurrent alien invaders constrain aquatic biodiversity in rivers. Ecological Applications  31: e02385. PubMed

Guerisoli  MM  et al.  2023. Reflexiones acerca del «reasilvestramiento» en la Argentina. Mastozoología Neotropical  30: e0946.

Guyton  JA  et al.  2020. Trophic rewilding revives biotic resistance to shrub invasion. Nature Ecology and Evolution  4: 712–724. PubMed

Häkkinen  H, Hodgson  D, Early  R.  2023. Global terrestrial invasions: Where naturalised birds, mammals, and plants might spread next and what affects this process. PLOS Biology  21: e3002361. PubMed PMC

Hamm  J, Holmes  G, Martin-Ortega  J. 2023. The importance of equity in payments to encourage coexistence with large mammals. Conservation Biology  38: e14207. 10.1111/cobi.14207. PubMed DOI

Hanley  N, Roberts  M.  2019. The economic benefits of invasive species management. People and Nature  1: 124–137.

Haubrock  PJ  et al.  2024a. Discrepancies between non-native and invasive species classifications. Biological Invasions  26: 371–384.

Haubrock  PJ  et al.  2024b. Biological invasions are a population-level rather than a species-level phenomenon. Global Change Biology  30: e17312. PubMed

Herrera-Grao  T, Bonada  N, Gavira  O, Blanco Garrido  F. 2012. First record of Trithemis kirbyi Sélys, 1891 in Catalonia (Odonata, Libellulidae. Boletín de la Asociación Española de Entomología  36: 457–459.

Hewitt  G. 2000. The genetic legacy of the quaternary ice ages. Nature  405: 907–912. PubMed

Hossack  BR, LeMoine  MT, Oja  EB, Eby  LA. 2023. Cryptic declines of small, cold-water specialists highlight potential vulnerabilities of headwater streams as climate refugia. Biological Conservation  277: 109868.

Hulme  PE. 2017. Climate change and biological invasions: Evidence, expectations, and response options. Biological Reviews  92: 1297–1313. PubMed

Hulme  PE. 2022. Importance of greater interdisciplinarity and geographic scope when tackling the driving forces behind biological invasions. Conservation Biology  36: e13817. PubMed

[IPCC] Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change . 2022. Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781009157926 DOI

[IUCN SSC] International Union for Conservation of Nature Species Survival Commission . 2013. Guidelines for Reintroductions and Other Conservation Translocations, vers. 1.0. IUCN SSC. https://portals.iucn.org/library/efiles/documents/2013-009.pdf.

Janovsky  RM, Larson  ER. 2019. Does invasive species research use more militaristic language than other ecology and conservation biology literature?  NeoBiota  44: 27–38.

Jarić  I, Heger  T, Monzon  FC, Jeschke  JM, Kowarik  I, McConkey  KR, Pyšek  P, Sagouis  A, Essl  F. 2019. Crypticity in biological invasions. Trends in Ecology and Evolution  34: 291–302. PubMed

Jere  A, Jere  WW, Mtethiwa  A, Kassam  D. 2021. Breeding pattern of Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758) versus native congeneric species, Oreochromis macrochir (Boulinger, 1912), in the upper Kabompo River, northwest of Zambia. Ecology and Evolution  11: 17447–17457. PubMed PMC

Jørgensen  D. 2015. Rethinking rewilding. Geoforum  65: 482–488.

Khan  A. 2021. Equity, Diversity and Inclusion: A call to eradicate non-inclusive terms from the life sciences. Elife  10: e65604. PubMed PMC

Kueffer  C, Larson  BM. 2014. Responsible use of language in scientific writing and science communication. BioScience  64: 719–724.

Kumschick  S  et al.  2024. Considerations for developing and implementing a safe list for alien taxa. BioScience  74: 97–108. PubMed PMC

Lambertucci  SA, Speziale  KL. 2011. Protecting invaders for profit. Science  332: 35–35. PubMed

Larson  BM. 2005. The war of the roses: Demilitarizing invasion biology. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment  3: 495–500.

Lemoine  RT, Svenning  JC. 2022. Nativeness is not binary: A graduated terminology for native and non-native species in the Anthropocene. Restoration Ecology  30: e13636

Lepczyk  CA. 2022. Time to retire “alien” from the invasion ecology lexicon. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment  20: 447–447.

Liu  X  et al.  2018. More invaders do not result in heavier impacts: The effects of non-native bullfrogs on native anurans are mitigated by high densities of non-native crayfish. Journal of Animal Ecology  87: 850–862. PubMed

López  BE  et al.  2022. Global environmental changes more frequently offset than intensify detrimental effects of biological invasions. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences  119: e2117389119. PubMed PMC

Lowe  AJ, Abbott  RJ. 2015. Hybrid swarms: Catalysts for multiple evolutionary events in Senecio in the British Isles. Plant Ecology and Diversity  8: 449–463.

Madzivanzira  TC, South  J, Wood  LE, Nunes  AL, Weyl  OL. 2020. A review of freshwater crayfish introductions in Africa. Reviews in Fisheries Science and Aquaculture  29: 218–241.

Marchetti  MP, Engstrom  T 2016. The conservation paradox of endangered and invasive species. Conservation Biology  30, 434–437. PubMed

Martínez-Abraín  A, Oro  D. 2013. Preventing the development of dogmatic approaches in conservation biology: A review. Biological Conservation  159: 539–547.

Martin-Ortega  J. 2023. We cannot address global water challenges without social sciences. Nature Water  1: 2–3.

Maslow  AH. 1943. A theory of human motivation. Psychological Review  50: 370–396.

Moon  K, Blackman  D. 2014. A guide to understanding social science research for natural scientists. Conservation Biology  28: 1167–1177. PubMed

Moorhouse  TP, Macdonald  DW. 2015. Are invasives worse in freshwater than terrestrial ecosystems?. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Water  2: 1–8.

Mormul  RP  et al.  2022. Invasive alien species records are exponentially rising across the Earth. Biological Invasions  24: 3249–3261.

Moyo  NA, Rapatsa  MM. 2021. A review of the factors affecting tilapia aquaculture production in Southern Africa. Aquaculture  535: 736386.

Navarro  LM, Pereira  HM. 2012. Rewilding abandoned landscapes in Europe. Ecosystems  15: 900–912. 10.1007/s10021-012-9558-7. DOI

Nelufule  T, Robertson  MP, Wilson  JRU, Faulkner  KT. 2022. Native-alien populations: An apparent oxymoron that requires specific conservation attention. NeoBiota  74: 57–74.

Nogués-Bravo  D, Simberloff  D, Rahbek  C, Sanders  NJ. 2016. Rewilding is the new Pandora's box in conservation. Current Biology  26: R87–R91. PubMed

Norkko  J, Reed  DC, Timmermann  K, Norkko  A, Gustafsson  BG, Bonsdorff  E, Slomp  CP, Carstensen  J, Conley  DJ. 2012. A welcome can of worms? Hypoxia mitigation by an invasive species. Global Change Biology  18: 422–434.

Novoa  A  et al.  2024. Stakeholders’ views on the global guidelines for the sustainable use of non-native trees. People and Nature  6: 10670. 10.1002/pan3.10670. DOI

Nuñez  MA, Kuebbing  S, Dimarco  RD, Simberloff  D. 2012. Invasive species: To eat or not to eat, that is the question. Conservation Letters  5: 334–341.

Nuñez  MA, Dimarco  RD, Dickie  IA, Pauchard  A. 2015. What can possibly go wrong? The risks of introducing soil microorganisms from Antarctica into South America. Bosque  36: 343–346.

Nuñez  MA, Pauchard  A, Ricciardi  A. 2020. Invasion science and the global spread of SARS-CoV-2. Trends in Ecology and Evolution  35: 642–645. PubMed PMC

Nyström  M, Jouffray  JB, Norström  AV, Crona  B, Søgaard Jørgensen  P, Carpenter  SR, Bodin  Ö, Galaz  V, Folke  C. 2019. Anatomy and resilience of the global production ecosystem. Nature  575: 98–108. PubMed

Oficialdegui  FJ, Delibes-Mateos  M, Green  AJ, Sánchez  MI, Boyero  L, Clavero  M.  2020..  Rigid laws and invasive species management. Conservation Biology  34:  1047–1050. PubMed

Oficialdegui  FJ  et al.  2023. A horizon scan exercise for aquatic invasive alien species in Iberian inland waters. Science of the Total Environment  869: 161798. PubMed

Olden  JD, Comte  L, Giam  X. 2018. The Homogocene: A research prospectus for the study of biotic homogenisation. NeoBiota  37: 23–36.

Ovid  D, Phaka  FM. 2022. Idwi, Xenopus laevis, and African clawed frog: Teaching counternarratives of invasive species in postcolonial ecology. Journal of Environmental Education  53: 69–86.

Padial  AA  et al.  2017. The “tilapia law” encouraging non-native fish threatens Amazonian River basins. Biodiversity and Conservation  26: 243–246.

Parmesan  C. 2006. Ecological and evolutionary responses to recent climate change. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics  37: 637–669.

Passoni  G, Coulson  T, Cagnacci  F.  2023. Celebrating wildlife population recovery through education. Trends in Ecology and Evolution  39: 101–105. 10.1016/j.tree.2023.10.004 PubMed DOI

Pauchard  A  et al.  2018. Biodiversity assessments: Origin matters. PLOS Biology  16: e2006686. PubMed PMC

Pelicice  FM  et al.  2023. Unintended consequences of valuing the contributions of non-native species: Misguided conservation initiatives in a megadiverse region. Biodiversity and Conservation  32: 3915–3938.

Perino  A  et al.  2019. Rewilding complex ecosystems. Science  364: eaav5570. PubMed

Peterson  AT, Stewart  A, Mohamed  KI, Araújo  MB. 2008. Shifting global invasive potential of European plants with climate change. PLOS ONE  3: e2441. PubMed PMC

Por  FD. 1978. Lessepsian Migration: the Influx of Red Sea Biota into the Mediterranean by Way of the Suez Canal. Ecological Studies, vol. 23. Springer.

Pyšek  P  et al.  2020. Scientists’ warning on invasive alien species. Biological Reviews  95: 1511–1534. PubMed PMC

Quintana  A, Marcos  S, Malpica-Cruz  L, Tamayo  L, Canto Noh  JÁ, Fernández-Rivera Melo  F, Fulton  S. 2023. Socioeconomic dilemmas of commercial markets for invasive species: Lessons from lionfish in Mexico. ICES Journal of Marine Science  80: 31–39.

Ricciardi  A. 2007. Are modern biological invasions an unprecedented form of global change?  Conservation Biology  21: 329–336. PubMed

Ricciardi  A  et al.  2021.  Four priority areas to advance invasion science in the face of rapid environmental change. Environmental Reviews  29: 119–141.

Richardson  DM, ed. 2011. Fifty Years of Invasion Ecology: The Legacy of Charles Elton. Blackwell.

Richardson  DM, Ricciardi  A. 2013. Misleading criticisms of invasion science: A field guide. Diversity and Distributions  19: 1461–1467.

Ripple  WJ  et al.  2022. Rewilding the American West. BioScience  72: 931–935.

Robinson  TB, Martin  N, Loureiro  TG, Matikinca  P, Robertson  MP. 2020. Double trouble: The implications of climate change for biological invasions. NeoBiota  62: 463–487.

Roy  HE  et al., eds. 2023. IPBES Invasive Alien Species Assessment: Summary for Policymakers. Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services. 10.5281/zenodo.7430692. DOI

Rubenstein  DR, Rubenstein  DI. 2016. From Pleistocene to trophic rewilding: A wolf in sheep's clothing. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences  113: E1. PubMed PMC

Saunders  ME, Peisley  RK, Rader  R, Luck  GW. 2016. Pollinators, pests, and predators: Recognizing ecological trade-offs in agroecosystems. Ambio  45: 4–14. PubMed PMC

Sax  DF, Schlaepfer  MA, Olden  JD. 2022. Valuing the contributions of non-native species to people and nature. Trends in Ecology and Evolution  37: 1058–1066. PubMed

Schlaepfer  MA, Sax  DF, Olden  JD. 2011. The potential conservation value of non-native species. Conservation Biology  25: 428–437. PubMed

Shackleton  RT, Shackleton  CM, Kull  CA. 2019. The role of invasive alien species in shaping local livelihoods and human well-being: A review. Journal of Environmental Management  229: 145–157. PubMed

Shackleton  RT, Vimercati  G, Probert  AF, Bacher  S, Kull  CA, Novoa  A. 2022. Consensus and controversy in the discipline of invasion science. Conservation Biology  36: e13931. PubMed PMC

Simberloff  D  et al.  2013. Impacts of biological invasions: What's what and the way forward. Trends in Ecology and Evolution  28: 58–66. PubMed

Singh  R, Tiwari  AK, Singh  GS. 2022. Perceptions of the impacts of invasive alien plants in the riparian zone of the Ganga River: Insights from Varanasi, India. River Research and Applications  38: 1495–1509.

Soga  M, Gaston  KJ. 2018. Shifting baseline syndrome: Causes, consequences, and implications. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment  16: 222–230.

Soto  I  et al.  2024. Taming the terminological tempest in invasion science. Biological Reviews  99: 1357–1390. PubMed

South  J, Charvet  P, Khosa  D, Smith  ERC, Woodford  DJ. 2022. Recreational fishing as a major pathway for the introduction of invasive species. Pages 49–58 in Barros  A, Shackleton  R, Rew  L, Pizarro  C, Pauchard  A, eds. Tourism, Recreation, and Biological Invasions. Wallingford, CABI.

Spear  MJ, Walsh  JR, Ricciardi  A, Zanden  MJV. 2021. The invasion ecology of sleeper populations: Prevalence, persistence, and abrupt shifts. BioScience  71: 357–369.

Stevenson  EA  et al.  2023. Synthesising 35 years of invasive non-native species research. Biological Invasions  25: 2423–2438.

Svenning  JC  et al.  2016. Science for a wilder Anthropocene: Synthesis and future directions for trophic rewilding research. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences  113: 898–906. PubMed PMC

Thomas  C. 2013. The Anthropocene could raise biological diversity. Nature  502: 7. PubMed

Turbelin  AJ, Malamud  BD, Francis  RA. 2017. Mapping the global state of invasive alien species: Patterns of invasion and policy responses. Global Ecology and Biogeography  26: 78–92.

Urban  MC. 2020. Climate-tracking species are not invasive. Nature Climate Change  10: 382–384.

van Eeden  LM, Newsome  TM, Crowther  MS, Dickman  CR, Bruskotter  J. 2020. Diverse public perceptions of species’ status and management align with conflicting conservation frameworks. Biological Conservation  242: 108416.

Van Meerbeek  K, Muys  B, Schowanek  SD, Svenning  JC. 2019. Reconciling conflicting paradigms of biodiversity conservation: Human intervention and rewilding. BioScience  69: 997–1007.

van Wilgen  NJ, Faulkner  KT, Robinson  TB, South  J, Beckett  H, Janion-Scheepers  C, Measey  J, Midgley  GF, Richardson  DM. 2022. Climate change and biological invasions in South Africa. Pages 158–187 in Ziska  L, ed. Invasive Species and Global Climate Change. CABI.

Vaz  AS  et al.  2017. The progress of interdisciplinarity in invasion science. Ambio  46: 428–442. PubMed PMC

Vilà  M  et al.  2021. Viewing emerging human infectious epidemics through the lens of invasion biology. BioScience  71: 722–740.

Vimercati  G  et al.  2022. The EICAT+ framework enables classification of positive impacts of alien taxa on native biodiversity. PLOS Biology  20: e3001729. PubMed PMC

Wallingford  PD  et al.  2020. Adjusting the lens of invasion biology to focus on the impacts of climate-driven range shifts. Nature Climate Change  10: 398–405.

Wilson  JR. 2020. Definitions can confuse: Why the “neonative” neologism is bad for conservation. BioScience  70: 110–111.

Woodford  DJ, Richardson  DM, MacIsaac  HJ, Mandrak  NE, van Wilgen  BW, Wilson  JRU, Weyl  OLF. 2016. Confronting the wicked problem of managing biological invasions. NeoBiota  31: 63–86.

Young  AM, Larson  BM. 2011. Clarifying debates in invasion biology: A survey of invasion biologists. Environmental Research  111: 893–898. PubMed

Zengeya  TA, Booth  AJ, Chimimba  CT. 2015. Broad niche overlap between invasive Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus and indigenous congenerics in Southern Africa: Should we be concerned?  Entropy  17: 4959–4973.

Zhang  L  et al.  2022. Biological invasions facilitate zoonotic disease emergences. Nature Communications  13: 1–11. PubMed PMC