Species introduced through human-related activities beyond their native range, termed alien species, have various impacts worldwide. The IUCN Environmental Impact Classification for Alien Taxa (EICAT) is a global standard to assess negative impacts of alien species on native biodiversity. Alien species can also positively affect biodiversity (for instance, through food and habitat provisioning or dispersal facilitation) but there is currently no standardized and evidence-based system to classify positive impacts. We fill this gap by proposing EICAT+, which uses 5 semiquantitative scenarios to categorize the magnitude of positive impacts, and describes underlying mechanisms. EICAT+ can be applied to all alien taxa at different spatial and organizational scales. The application of EICAT+ expands our understanding of the consequences of biological invasions and can inform conservation decisions.

Berlin Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research Berlin Germany

Biodiversity Informatics Unit African Institute for Mathematical Sciences Cape Town South Africa

Bioinvasions Global Change Macroecology Group Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research University of Vienna Vienna Austria

Centre for Invasion Biology Department of Botany and Zoology Stellenbosch University Stellenbosch South Africa

Centre for Invasion Biology Department of Mathematical Sciences Stellenbosch University Stellenbosch South Africa

Department Community Ecology Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research UFZ Halle Germany

Department of Biology University of Fribourg Fribourg Switzerland

Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research Centre University of British Columbia Vancouver Canada

Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of California Irvine California United States of America

Department of Ecology Faculty of Science Charles University Prague Czech Republic

Department of Forest Engineering University of Córdoba Córdoba Spain

Department of Geobotany and Botanical Garden Martin Luther University Halle Wittenberg Halle Germany

Department of Integrated Biology Estación Biológica de Doñana CSIC Sevilla Spain

Department of Invasion Ecology Institute of Botany Czech Academy of Sciences Průhonice Czech Republic

Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology University of Turin Torino Italy

Department of Marine Sciences University of the Aegean Mytilene Greece

Department of Plant Biology and Ecology University of Sevilla Sevilla Spain

Ecologie Systématique et Evolution Université Paris Saclay Gif sur Yvette France

German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research Halle Jena Leipzig Leipzig Germany

Institute of Biology Freie Universität Berlin Berlin Germany

Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología CSIC Zaragoza Spain

Kirstenbosch Research Centre South African National Biodiversity Institute Cape Town South Africa

Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology Estación Biológica de Doñana CSIC Sevilla Spain

Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries Berlin Germany

Univ Grenoble Alpes Univ Savoie Mont Blanc CNRS LECA Grenoble France

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Framing challenges and polarized issues in invasion science: toward an interdisciplinary agenda

The EICAT+ framework enables classification of positive impacts of alien taxa on native biodiversity