Biological invasions pose a rapidly expanding threat to the persistence, functioning and service provisioning of ecosystems globally, and to socio-economic interests. The stages of successful invasions are driven by the same mechanism that underlies adaptive changes across species in general-via natural selection on intraspecific variation in traits that influence survival and reproductive performance (i.e., fitness). Surprisingly, however, the rapid progress in the field of invasion science has resulted in a predominance of species-level approaches (such as deny lists), often irrespective of natural selection theory, local adaptation and other population-level processes that govern successful invasions. To address these issues, we analyse non-native species dynamics at the population level by employing a database of European freshwater macroinvertebrate time series, to investigate spreading speed, abundance dynamics and impact assessments among populations. Our findings reveal substantial variability in spreading speed and abundance trends within and between macroinvertebrate species across biogeographic regions, indicating that levels of invasiveness and impact differ markedly. Discrepancies and inconsistencies among species-level risk screenings and real population-level data were also identified, highlighting the inherent challenges in accurately assessing population-level effects through species-level assessments. In recognition of the importance of population-level assessments, we urge a shift in invasive species management frameworks, which should account for the dynamics of different populations and their environmental context. Adopting an adaptive, region-specific and population-focused approach is imperative, considering the diverse ecological contexts and varying degrees of susceptibility. Such an approach could improve and refine risk assessments while promoting mechanistic understandings of risks and impacts, thereby enabling the development of more effective conservation and management strategies.

All Russian Plant Quarantine Center Krasnoyarsk Branch Krasnoyarsk Russia

Biodiversity Research Institute IMIB Mieres Spain

CAMB Center for Applied Mathematics and Bioinformatics Gulf University for Science and Technology Hawally Kuwait

Department of Basic Sciences Faculty of Fisheries Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University Muğla Turkey

Department of Biology and Biochemistry University of Houston Houston Texas USA

Department of Biology Faculty of Arts and Sciences Eskişehir Osmangazi University Eskişehir Turkey

Department of Biology Faculty of Science Hacettepe University Ankara Turkey

Department of Biology Faculty of Sciences Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University Mugla Turkey

Department of Ecology and Vertebrate Zoology Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection University of Lodz Lodz Poland

Department of Life and Environmental Sciences Bournemouth University Poole UK

Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology University of Turin Torino Italy

Department of River Ecology and Conservation Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum Frankfurt Gelnhausen Germany

European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization Paris France

Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters South Bohemian Research Centre of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice Vodňany Czech Republic

Faculty of Fisheries Marine and Inland Waters Sciences and Technology Department Ege University İzmir Turkey

Faculty of Fisheries Recep Tayyip Erdogan University Rize Turkey

Finnish Museum of Natural History University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland

GEOMAR Helmholtz Zentrum für Ozeanforschung Kiel Kiel Germany

Graduate Program in Ecology and Natural Resources Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Federal University of São Carlos UFSCar São Carlos Brazil

GRECO Institute of Aquatic Ecology University of Girona Girona Spain

Grupo de Ecología de Invasiones INIBIOMA CONICET Universidad Nacional del Comahue San Carlos de Bariloche Argentina

Institute of Biology Freie Universität Berlin Berlin Germany

Institute of Botany; Department of Invasion Ecology Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic Průhonice Czech Republic

Instituto de Ecología Regional Universidad Nacional de Tucumán CONICET Yerba Buena Argentina

Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries Berlin Germany

NBFC National Biodiversity Future Center Palermo Italy

School of Agriculture Food and Ecosystem Sciences The University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria Australia

School of Biological Sciences Institute for Global Food Security Queen's University Belfast Belfast UK

School of Biological Sciences Queen's University Belfast Belfast UK

School of Geography and Environmental Sciences University of Southampton Southampton UK

Siberian Federal University Krasnoyarsk Russia

Southern Indian Ocean Fisheries Agreement Le Port La Reunion France

Sukachev Institute of Forest Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences Federal Research Center «Krasnoyarsk Science Center SB RAS» Krasnoyarsk Russia

Université de Bretagne Occidentale AMURE Plouzané France

Université de Rennes CNRS ECOBIO [ ] UMR 11 6553 Rennes France

Vocational School of Health Services Eskişehir Osmangazi University Eskişehir Turkey

Water Research Institute National Research Council Verbania Pallanza Italy

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A Global Account of Established Non-Native Fish Species

Parallels and discrepancies between non-native species introductions and human migration

Conceptual and ethical considerations in invasion science

Testing the Dispersal-Origin-Status-Impact (DOSI) scheme to prioritise non-native and translocated species management

Some Like It Cold: Long-Term Assessment of a Near-Global Invader

Framing challenges and polarized issues in invasion science: toward an interdisciplinary agenda

Competency in invasion science: addressing stagnation challenges by promoting innovation and creative thinking

Prioritising non-native fish species for management actions in three Polish rivers using the newly developed tool-dispersal-origin-status-impact scheme