BACKGROUND: Biological invasions are a major threat to global biodiversity, with freshwater ecosystems being among the most susceptible to the successful establishment of non-native species and their respective potential impacts. In Poland, the introduction and spreading of non-native fish has led to biodiversity loss and ecosystem homogenisation. METHODS: Our study applies the Dispersal-Origin-Status-Impact (DOSI) assessment scheme, which is a population-level specific assessment that integrates multiple factors, including dispersal mechanisms, origin, status, and impacts, providing a nuanced framework for assessing invasion risks at local and regional levels. We used this tool to evaluate the risks associated with non-native fish species across three major Polish rivers (Pilica, Bzura, and Skrwa Prawa) and to prioritise them for management actions. RESULTS: Using DOSI, we assessed eight non-native species identified in the three studied rivers: seven in both Pilica and Bzura and four in Skrwa Prawa. The DOSI assessment scheme identified high variability in the ecological impacts and management priorities among the identified non-native species. Notably, species such as the Ponto-Caspian gobies exhibited higher risk levels due to their rapid spread and considerable ecological effects, contrasting with other species that demonstrated lower impact levels and, hence, received a lower priority for intervention. CONCLUSION: The adoption of the DOSI scheme in three major rivers in Poland has provided valuable insights into the complexities of managing biological invasions, suggesting that localised, detailed assessments are crucial for effective conservation strategies and highlighting the importance of managing non-native populations locally.

CAMB Center for Applied Mathematics and Bioinformatics Gulf University for Science and Technology Hawally Kuwait

Department of Basic Sciences Faculty of Fisheries Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University Muğla Türkiye

Department of Ecology and Vertebrate Zoology Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection University of Lodz Lodz Poland

Department of Life and Environmental Sciences Faculty of Science and Technology University of Bournemouth Bournemouth United Kingdom

Department of River Ecology and Conservation Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum Frankfurt Gelnhause Germany

Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters South Bohemian Research Centre of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice Vodňany Czech Republic

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