Biological invasions are increasingly recognised as a major global change that erodes ecosystems, societal well-being, and economies. However, comprehensive analyses of their economic ramifications are missing for most national economies, despite rapidly escalating costs globally. Türkiye is highly vulnerable to biological invasions owing to its extensive transport network and trade connections as well as its unique transcontinental position at the interface of Europe and Asia. This study presents the first analysis of the reported economic costs caused by biological invasions in Türkiye. The InvaCost database which compiles invasive non-native species' monetary costs was used, complemented with cost searches specific to Türkiye, to describe the spatial and taxonomic attributes of costly invasive non-native species, the types of costs, and their temporal trends. The total economic cost attributed to invasive non-native species in Türkiye (from 202 cost reporting documents) amounted to US$ 4.1 billion from 1960 to 2022. However, cost data were only available for 87 out of 872 (10%) non-native species known for Türkiye. Costs were biased towards a few hyper-costly non-native taxa, such as jellyfish, stink bugs, and locusts. Among impacted sectors, agriculture bore the highest total cost, reaching US$ 2.85 billion, followed by the fishery sector with a total cost of US$ 1.20 billion. Management (i.e., control and eradication) costs were, against expectations, substantially higher than reported damage costs (US$ 2.89 billion vs. US$ 28.4 million). Yearly costs incurred by non-native species rose exponentially over time, reaching US$ 504 million per year in 2020-2022 and are predicted to increase further in the next 10 years. A large deficit of cost records compared to other countries was also shown, suggesting a larger monetary underestimate than is typically observed. These findings underscore the need for improved cost recording as well as preventative management strategies to reduce future post-invasion management costs and help inform decisions to manage the economic burdens posed by invasive non-native species. These insights further emphasise the crucial role of standardised data in accurately estimating the costs associated with invasive non-native species for prioritisation and communication purposes.

Department of Aquatic Basic Science Faculty of Fisheries Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University Muğla Türkiye

Department of Biology Faculty of Arts and Science Düzce University Düzce Türkiye

Department of Biology Faculty of Science and Literature Nevşehir HBV University Nevşehir Türkiye

Department of Biology Faculty of Science Ege University Izmir Türkiye

Department of Biology Faculty of Science Ege University Izmir Türkiye; Natural History Application and Research Centre Ege University Izmir Türkiye

Department of Biology Faculty of Science Eskişehir Osmangazi University Eskişehir Türkiye

Department of Biology Faculty of Science Gazi University Ankara Türkiye

Department of Biology Faculty of Science Hacettepe University Beytepe Campus Ankara Türkiye

Department of Biology Faculty of Science Karadeniz Technical University Trabzon Türkiye

Department of Biology Faculty of Sciences and Literature Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy University Burdur Türkiye

Department of Biology Faculty of Sciences Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University Muğla Türkiye

Department of Ecology and Vertebrate Zoology Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection University of Lodz Lodz Poland; Department of Aquatic Basic Science Faculty of Fisheries Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University Muğla Türkiye; Department of Life and Environmental Sciences Faculty of Science and Technology Bournemouth University Poole Dorset United Kingdom

Department of Forest Botany Faculty of Forestry Düzce University Düzce Türkiye

Department of Life and Environmental Sciences Faculty of Science and Technology Bournemouth University Poole Dorset United Kingdom; Marine and Inland Waters Sciences and Technology Department Faculty of Fisheries Ege University İzmir Türkiye

Department of Marine Sciences Faculty of Marine Sciences and Technology İskenderun Technical University İskenderun Türkiye

Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics Faculty of Arts and Sciences Ordu University Ordu Türkiye

Department of Plant Protection Faculty of Agriculture Düzce University Düzce Türkiye

Estación Biológica de Doñana CSIC Avda Americo Vespucio 26 41092 Seville Spain

Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice Vodňany Czech Republic

Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice Vodňany Czech Republic; Department of River Ecology and Conservation Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum Frankfurt Gelnhausen Germany; CAMB Center for Applied Mathematics and Bioinformatics Gulf University for Science and Technology Kuwait

Faculty of Fisheries Recep Tayyip Erdogan University Rize Türkiye

Fisheries Research Institute Eğirdir Isparta Türkiye

Institute for Global Food Security School of Biological Sciences Queen's University Belfast Belfast BT9 5DL United Kingdom

Plant Protection Department Faculty of Agriculture Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University Çanakkale Türkiye

Plant Protection Department Faculty of Agriculture Hatay Mustafa Kemal University Antakya Hatay Türkiye

Project House Cooperative Moda Caddesi Borucu Han No 20 204 Kadıköy Istanbul Türkiye

Université Paris Saclay CNRS AgroParisTech Ecologie Systématique Evolution Gif sur Yvette France

Vocational School of Health Services Eskişehir Osmangazi University Eskişehir Türkiye

Vocational School of Technical Sciences Environmental Protection Technologies Department Recep Tayyip Erdoğan University Türkiye

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