How modern humans dispersed into Eurasia and Australasia, including the number of separate expansions and their timings, is highly debated [1, 2]. Two categories of models are proposed for the dispersal of non-Africans: (1) single dispersal, i.e., a single major diffusion of modern humans across Eurasia and Australasia [3-5]; and (2) multiple dispersal, i.e., additional earlier population expansions that may have contributed to the genetic diversity of some present-day humans outside of Africa [6-9]. Many variants of these models focus largely on Asia and Australasia, neglecting human dispersal into Europe, thus explaining only a subset of the entire colonization process outside of Africa [3-5, 8, 9]. The genetic diversity of the first modern humans who spread into Europe during the Late Pleistocene and the impact of subsequent climatic events on their demography are largely unknown. Here we analyze 55 complete human mitochondrial genomes (mtDNAs) of hunter-gatherers spanning ∼35,000 years of European prehistory. We unexpectedly find mtDNA lineage M in individuals prior to the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). This lineage is absent in contemporary Europeans, although it is found at high frequency in modern Asians, Australasians, and Native Americans. Dating the most recent common ancestor of each of the modern non-African mtDNA clades reveals their single, late, and rapid dispersal less than 55,000 years ago. Demographic modeling not only indicates an LGM genetic bottleneck, but also provides surprising evidence of a major population turnover in Europe around 14,500 years ago during the Late Glacial, a period of climatic instability at the end of the Pleistocene.

Archéosphère 2 Rue des Noyers 11500 Quirbajou France

Centre for Isotope Research Groningen University Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen the Netherlands; Faculty of Archaeology Leiden University PO Box 9514 2300 RA Leiden the Netherlands

CNRS UMR 5199 PACEA A3P Université de Bordeaux Allée Geoffroy Saint Hilaire CS 50023 33615 Pessac Cedex France

CNRS UMR 7041 ArScAn MAE 21 Allée de l'Université 92023 Nanterre France

Department of Anthropology California State University Northridge 18111 Nordhoff Street Northridge CA 91330 8244 USA

Department of Anthropology Faculty of Science Masaryk University Kotlářská 2 611 37 Brno Czech Republic; Institute of Archaeology at Brno Academy of Science of the Czech Republic 69129 Dolní Věstonice Czech Republic

Department of Geology Faculty of Geology and Geophysics University of Bucharest Bulevardul Nicolae Balcescu 1 01041 Bucharest Romania

Department of Geosciences Biogeology University of Tübingen Hölderlinstraße 12 72074 Tübingen Germany

Department of Geosciences Biogeology University of Tübingen Hölderlinstraße 12 72074 Tübingen Germany; Senckenberg Centre for Human Evolution and Palaeoenvironment University of Tübingen 72072 Tübingen Germany

Dipartimento di Biologia Università di Firenze Via del Proconsolo 12 50122 Florence Italy

Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche della Terra e dell'Ambiente U R Preistoria e Antropologia Università degli Studi di Siena Via Laterina 8 53100 Siena Italy

Direction Régionale des Affaires Culturelles Rhône Alpes Le Grenier d'Abondance 6 Quai Saint Vincent 69283 Lyon Cedex 01 France

Heidelberg Academy of Sciences and Humanities Research Center The Role of Culture in Early Expansions of Humans at the University of Tübingen Rümelinstraße 23 72070 Tübingen Germany

INRAP UMR 8215 Trajectoires 21 Allée de l'Université 92023 Nanterre France

Institute for Archaeological Sciences Archaeo and Palaeogenetics University of Tübingen Rümelinstraße 23 72070 Tübingen Germany

Institute for Archaeological Sciences Archaeo and Palaeogenetics University of Tübingen Rümelinstraße 23 72070 Tübingen Germany; Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History Kahlaische Straße 10 07745 Jena Germany

Institute for Archaeological Sciences Archaeo and Palaeogenetics University of Tübingen Rümelinstraße 23 72070 Tübingen Germany; Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History Kahlaische Straße 10 07745 Jena Germany; Senckenberg Centre for Human Evolution and Palaeoenvironment University of Tübingen 72072 Tübingen Germany

Institute for Archaeological Sciences Paleoanthropology University of Tübingen Rümelinstraße 23 72070 Tübingen Germany

Institute for Archaeological Sciences Paleoanthropology University of Tübingen Rümelinstraße 23 72070 Tübingen Germany; Senckenberg Centre for Human Evolution and Palaeoenvironment University of Tübingen 72072 Tübingen Germany

Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology Deutscher Platz 6 04103 Leipzig Germany

Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History Kahlaische Straße 10 07745 Jena Germany

Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History Kahlaische Straße 10 07745 Jena Germany; Australian Centre for Ancient DNA School of Biological Sciences The University of Adelaide Adelaide SA 5005 Australia

Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences 29 Vautier Street 1000 Brussels Belgium

Senckenberg Centre for Human Evolution and Palaeoenvironment University of Tübingen 72072 Tübingen Germany; Department of Early Prehistory and Quaternary Ecology University of Tübingen Schloss Hohentübingen 72070 Tübingen Germany

Service Régional d'Archéologie de Franche Comté 7 Rue Charles Nodier 25043 Besançon Cedex France; Laboratoire de Chrono Environnement UMR 6249 du CNRS UFR des Sciences et Techniques 16 Route de Gray 25030 Besançon Cedex France

TRACES UMR 5608 Université Toulouse Jean Jaurès Maison de la Recherche 5 Allée Antonio Machado 31058 Toulouse Cedex 9 France

Ulmer Museum Marktplatz 9 89073 Ulm Germany

Erratum v

Curr Biol. 2016 Feb 22;26(4):557-61 PubMed

Komentář v

Curr Biol. 2016 Mar 21;26(6):R243-6. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2016.01.044. PubMed

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