Grey wolves (Canis lupus) are one of the few large terrestrial carnivores that have maintained a wide geographical distribution across the Northern Hemisphere throughout the Pleistocene and Holocene. Recent genetic studies have suggested that, despite this continuous presence, major demographic changes occurred in wolf populations between the Late Pleistocene and early Holocene, and that extant wolves trace their ancestry to a single Late Pleistocene population. Both the geographical origin of this ancestral population and how it became widespread remain unknown. Here, we used a spatially and temporally explicit modelling framework to analyse a data set of 90 modern and 45 ancient mitochondrial wolf genomes from across the Northern Hemisphere, spanning the last 50,000 years. Our results suggest that contemporary wolf populations trace their ancestry to an expansion from Beringia at the end of the Last Glacial Maximum, and that this process was most likely driven by Late Pleistocene ecological fluctuations that occurred across the Northern Hemisphere. This study provides direct ancient genetic evidence that long-range migration has played an important role in the population history of a large carnivore, and provides insight into how wolves survived the wave of megafaunal extinctions at the end of the last glaciation. Moreover, because Late Pleistocene grey wolves were the likely source from which all modern dogs trace their origins, the demographic history described in this study has fundamental implications for understanding the geographical origin of the dog.

Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute St Petersburg Russia

BioArch Department of Archaeology University of York York UK USA

Breeding Centre for Endangered Arabian Wildlife Sharjah United Arab Emirates

Carl R Woese Institute for Genomic Biology University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign Urbana IL USA

Centre for GeoGenetics Globe Institute University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark

cGEM Institute of Genomics University of Tartu Tartu Estonia

Department of Anthropology University of West Bohemia Pilzen Czech Republic

Department of Archaeology Classics and Egyptology University of Liverpool Liverpool UK

Department of Archaeology Simon Fraser University Burnaby BC Canada

Department of Archaeology University of Aberdeen Aberdeen UK

Department of Genetics University of Cambridge Cambridge UK

Department of Geosciences Palaeobiology University of Tübingen Tübingen Germany

Department of Human Evolution Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology Leipzig Germany

Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics King's College London Guys Hospital London UK

Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Metabolic Diseases Poznan University of Medical Sciences Poznan Poland

Department of Zoology University of Cambridge Cambridge UK

EvoGenomics GLOBE Institute University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark

Geological Institute Russian Academy of Sciences Moscow Russia

Heidelberg Academy of Sciences and Humanities The Role of Culture in Early Expansions of Humans Tübingen Germany

Hrdlička Museum of Man Faculty of Science Charles University Praha Czech Republic

Institute for Archaeological Sciences University of Tübingen Tübingen Germany

Institute for Material Culture History Russian Academy of Sciences St Petersburg Russia

Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Armenia Yerevan Republic of Armenia

Institute of Biomedicine and Biocenter of Oulu Medical Research Center and University Hospital University of Oulu Oulu Finland

Institute of Evolutionary Medicine University of Zurich Zurich Switzerland

Institute of Palaeoanatomy Domestication Research and History of Veterinary Medicine Ludwig Maximilians University Munich Munich Germany

Mammoth Museum Institute of Applied Ecology of the North of the North Eastern Federal University Yakutsk Russia

Manchester Institute of Biotechnology School of Earth and Environmental Sciences University of Manchester Manchester UK

Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History Jena Germany

Moravian museum Brno Czech Republic

Natural History Museum University of Oslo Oslo Norway

Norwegian University of Science and Technology University Museum Trondheim Norway

OD Earth and History of Life Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences Brussels Belgium

OD Taxonomy and Phylogeny Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences Brussels Belgium

Research Laboratory for Archaeology and History of Art University of Oxford Oxford UK

School of Integrative Biology University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign Urbana IL USA

Senckenberg Centre for Human Evolution and Palaeoenvironment University of Tübingen Tübingen Germany

The Qimmeq Project University of Greenland Nuussuaq Greenland

Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute Cambridge UK

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Mol Ecol. 2020 May;29(9):1589-1591. doi: 10.1111/mec.15438. PubMed

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The extinct Sicilian wolf shows a complex history of isolation and admixture with ancient dogs

Grey wolf genomic history reveals a dual ancestry of dogs