Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) is rapidly becoming more accessible and popular as a technique to monitor body composition. The reliability of DXA has been examined extensively using a number of different methodological approaches. This study sets up to investigate the accuracy of measuring the parameters of body composition (BC) by means of the whole-body and the segmental DXA method analysis with the typical error of measurement (TEM) that allows for expressing the error in the units of measure. The research was implemented in a group of 63 participants, all of whom were university students. Thirty-eight males (22.6±2.9 years, average body mass 77.5±8.4 kg) and 25 females (21.4±2.0 years, average body mass 58.6±7.2 kg) were recruited. The measured parameters included body mass (BM), fat-free mass (FFM), body fat (BF), bone mineral content (BMC), bone mineral density (BMD). For the whole-body analysis, the determined TEM was: BM at the level of 0.12 kg in females and 0.29 kg in males; BF 0.25kg and 0.44% females, 0.52 kg and 0.66% males; FFM 0.24 kg females and 0.42 kg males; BMC 0.02 kg females and males; BMD 0.01g/cm2 females and males. The TEM values in the segmental analysis were: BF within the range of 0.04-0.28 kg and 0.68-1.20% in females, 0.10-0.36 kg and 0.72-1.94% in males; FFM 0.08-0.41 kg females and 0.17-0.86 males, BMC 0.00-0.02 kg females and 0.01-0.02 kg males in relation to the body segment (upper limb, trunk, lower limb). The BMD value was at the level of 0.01-0.02g/cm2. The study results showed high reliability in measuring body composition parameters using the DXA method. The whole-body analysis showed a higher accuracy of measurement than the segmental. Only the changes that are greater than the TEM, or the upper bound (95%) of the confidence interval of the measurement can be considered demonstrable when interpreting repeated measurements.

Application Centre BALUO Faculty of Physical Culture Palacký University Olomouc Czech Republic

Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Charles University Praha Czech Republic

Human Motion Diagnostics Center University of Ostrava Ostrava Czech Republic

Zobrazit více v PubMed

Heller JE, Thomas JJ, Hollis BW, Larson-Meyer DE. Relation between vitamin D status and body composition in collegiate athletes. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2015; 25: 128–135. 10.1123/ijsnem.2013-0250 PubMed DOI

Milanese C, Cavedon V, Corradini G, De Vita F, Zancanaro C. Seasonal DXA-measured body composition changes in professional male soccer players. J Sports Sci. 2015; 33: 1219–1228. 10.1080/02640414.2015.1022573 PubMed DOI

Prokop NW, Reid RE, Andersen RE. Seasonal changes in whole body and regional body composition profiles of elite collegiate ice-hockey players. J Strength Cond Res. 2016; 30: 684–692. 10.1519/JSC.0000000000001133 PubMed DOI

Minett MM, Binkley TB, Weidauer LA, Specker BL. Changes in body composition and bone of female collegiate soccer players through the competitive season and off-season. J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact. 2017; 17: 386–398. PubMed PMC

Kerr AD, Slater GJ, Byrne NM. Influence of subject presentation on interpretation of body composition change after 6 months of self-selected training and diet in athletic males. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2018; 18: 1273–1286. PubMed

McSwiney FT, Wardrop B, Hyde PN, Richard AL, Volek JS, Doyle L. Keto-adaptation enhances exercise performance and body composition responses to training in endurance athletes. Metab. Clin. Exp. 2018; 81: 25–34. 10.1016/j.metabol.2017.10.010 PubMed DOI

Zatsiorsky V, Seluyanov V. The mass and inertia characteristics of the main segments of the human body In: Biomechanics VIII-B. Eds: Matsui H and Kobayashi K Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics; 1983. pp. 1152–1159.

Zatsiorsky VM, Seluyanov VN, Chugunova LG. Methods of determining mass-inertial characteristics of human body segments In: Chernyi GG, Regirer SA, eds. Contemporary Problems of Biomechanics. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 1990. pp. 272–291.

Ackland T, Henson P, Bailey D. The uniform density assumption: Its effect upon the estimation of body segment inertial parameters. Int J Sport Biomech. 1988; 4: 146–155.

Huang HK, Suarez FR. Evaluation of cross-sectional geometry and mass density distributions of humans and laboratory animals using computerized tomography. J Biomech. 1983; 16: 821–832. PubMed

Cheng CK, Chen HH, Chen CS, Lee CL, Chen CY. Segment inertial properties of Chinese adults determined from magnetic resonance imaging. Clin Biomech. 2000; 15: 559–566. PubMed

Martin PE, Mungiole M, Marzke MW, Longhill JM. The use of magnetic resonance imaging for measuring segment inertial properties. J Biomech. 1989; 22: 367–376. PubMed

Mungiole M, Martin PE. Estimating segment inertial properties: Comparison of magnetic resonance imaging with existing methods. J Biomech. 1990; 23: 1039–1046. PubMed

Beeson WL, Batech M, Schultz E, Salto L, Firek A, Deleon M, et al. Comparison of body composition by bioelectrical impedance analysis and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry in Hispanic diabetics. Int J Body Compos Res. 2010; 8: 45–50. PubMed PMC

Gupta N, Balasekaran G, Victor Govindaswamy V, Hwa CY, Shun LM. Comparison of body omposition with bioelectric impedance (BIA) and dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) among Singapore Chinese. J Sci Med Sport. 2011; 14: 33–37. 10.1016/j.jsams.2010.04.005 PubMed DOI

Leahy S, O'Neill C, Sohun R, Jakeman P. A comparison of dual energy X-ray absorptiometry and bioelectrical impedance analysis to measure total and segmental body composition in healthy young adults. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2012; 112: 589–595. 10.1007/s00421-011-2010-4 PubMed DOI

Dolezal BA, Lau MJ, Abrazado M, Storer TW, Cooper ChB. Validity of two commercial grade bioelectrical impedance analyzers for measurement of body fat percentage. J Exerc Physiol Online 2013; 16: 74–83.

Barthe N, Braillon P, Ducassou D, Basse-Cathalinat B. Comparison of two Hologic DXA systems (QDR 1000 and QDR 4500/A). Br J Radiol. 1997; 70: 728–739. 10.1259/bjr.70.835.9245885 PubMed DOI

Khan KM, Henzell SL, Broderick C, Prince RL, Saul A, Lomman J, et al. Instrument performance in bone density testing at five Australian centres. Aust N Z J Med. 1997; 27: 526–530. PubMed

Shepherd JA, Lu Y. A generalized least significant change for individuals measured on different DXA systems. J Clin Densitom. 2007; 10: 249–258. 10.1016/j.jocd.2007.05.002 PubMed DOI

Kutáč P, Kopecký M. Comparison of body fat using various bioelectrical impedance analyzers in university students. Acta Gymnica. 2015; 45: 177–186.

Cohen J. Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. 2nd ed. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates; 1988.

Hopkins WG. Measures of Reliability in Sports Medicine and Science. Sports Med. 2000; 30: 1–15. 10.2165/00007256-200030010-00001 PubMed DOI

Ellis KJ. Human body composition: in vivo methods. Physiol Rev. 2000; 80: 649–680. 10.1152/physrev.2000.80.2.649 PubMed DOI

Laskey MA. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and body composition. Nutrition. 1996; 12: 45–51. PubMed

Fuller N, Laskey M, Elia M. Assessment of the composition of major body regions by dual energy X ray absorptiometry (DEXA), with special reference to limb muscle mass. Clin Physiol. 1992; 12: 253–266. PubMed

Haarbo J, Gotfredsen A, Hassager C, Christiansen C. Validation of body composition by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). Clin Physiol. 1991; 11: 331–341. PubMed

Mazess RB, Barden HS, Bisek JP, Hanson J. Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry for total-body and regional bonemineral and soft-tissue composition. Am J Clin Nutr. 1990; 51: 1106–1112. 10.1093/ajcn/51.6.1106 PubMed DOI

Durkin JL, Dowling JJ, Andrews DM. The measurement of body segment inertial parameters using dual energy x-ray absorptiometry. J Biomech. 2002; 35: 1575–1580. PubMed

Ganley KJ, Powers CM. Anthropometric parameters in children: a comparison of values obtained from dual energy X-ray absorptiometry and cadaver-based estimates. Gait and Posture. 2004; 19: 133–140. 10.1016/S0966-6362(03)00038-9 PubMed DOI

Wicke J, Dumas GA. Estimating segment inertial parameters using fan-beam DXA. J Appl Biomech. 2008; 24: 180–184. PubMed

Kutáč P, Gajda V. Validity of measuring body fat using the skinfold method. Medicina Sportiva. 2009; 13: 157–160.

Kutáč P, Sigmund M. Validity of segmental analysis measurements of body fat distribution acquired by the bioimpedance analyser. Cesko-Slovenska Pediatrie. 2016; 71: 202–207.

Kolta S, Ravaud P, Fechtenbaum J, Dougados M, Roux C. Accuracy and Precision of 62 bone densitometers using a European Spine Phantom. Osteoporos Int. 1999; 10: 14–19. 10.1007/s001980050188 PubMed DOI

Park AJ, Choi JH, Kang H, Park KJ, Kim HY, Kim SH,et al. Result of proficiency test and comparison of accuracy using a european spine phantom among the three bone densitometries. J Bone Metab. 2015; 22: 45–49. 10.11005/jbm.2015.22.2.45 PubMed DOI PMC

Kröger H, Vainio P, Nieminen J, Kotaniemi A. Comparison of different models for interpreting bone mineral density measurements using DXA and MRI technology. Bone 1995; 17: 157–159. PubMed

Silva AM, Heymsfield SB, Sardinha LB. Assessing body composition in taller or broader individuals using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry: a systematic review. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2013; 67: 1012–1021. 10.1038/ejcn.2013.148 PubMed DOI

Tinsley GM, Forsse JS, Morales E, Grandjean PW. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry visceral adipose tissue estimates: reproducibility and impact of pre-assessment diet. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2018; 72: 609–612. 10.1038/s41430-017-0038-1 PubMed DOI

Moreira OC, Oliveira CEP, De Paz JA. Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) reliability and intraobserver reproducibility for segmental body composition measuring. Nutr Hosp. 2018; 35: 340–345. 10.20960/nh.1295 PubMed DOI

Shiel F, Persson C, Simas V, Furness J, Climstein M, Pope R, et al. Reliability and precision of the nana protocol to assess body composition using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2018; 28: 19–25. 10.1123/ijsnem.2017-0174 PubMed DOI

Pfeiffer JJ, Galvao DA, Gibbs Z, Smith K, Turner D, Foster J, et al. Strength and functional characteristics of men and women 65 years and older. Rejuvenation Res. 2010; 13: 75–82. 10.1089/rej.2009.0916 PubMed DOI

Hologic. QDR for Windows XP Reference Manual. Hologic Inc. 2013.

Thomas JR, Nelson JK, Silverman SJ. Research methods in physical activity. 5th ed. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics; 2005.

Hopkins WG. Spreadsheets for analysis of validity and reliability. Sportscience. 2015; 19: 36–42.

Asuero AG, Sayago A, Gonz’alez AG. The correlation coefficient: an overview. Crit Rev Anal Chem. 2006; 36:41–59.

Carbuhn AF, Fernandez TE, Bragg AF, Green JS, Crouse SF. Sport and training influence bone and body composition in women collegiate athletes. J Strength Cond Res. 2010; 24:1710–1717. 10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181d09eb3 PubMed DOI

Milanese C, Piscitelli F, Lampis C, Zancanaro C. Effect of a competitive season on anthropometry and three-compartment body composition in female handball players. Biol. Sport. 2012; 29: 199–204. PubMed

Lees MJ, Oldroyd B, Jones B, Brightmore A, O'Hara JP, Barlow MJ, et al. Three-compartment body composition changes in professional rugby union players over one competitive season: a team and individualized approach. J Clin Densitom. 2017; 20: 50–57. 10.1016/j.jocd.2016.04.010 PubMed DOI

Heyward VH, Wagner DR. Applied body composition assessment. 2nd ed. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics; 2004.

Vicente-Rodríguez G, Rey-López JP, Mesana MI, Poortvliet E, Ortega FB, Polito A, et al. Reliability and intermethod agreement for body fat assessment among two field and two laboratory methods in adolescents. Obesity. 2012; 20: 221–228. 10.1038/oby.2011.272 PubMed DOI

Schubert MM, Seay RF, Spain KK, Clarke HE, Taylor JK. Reliability and validity of various laboratory methods of body composition assessment in young adults. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging. 2018; 39: 150–159. 10.1111/cpf.12550 PubMed DOI

Tinsley GM, Moore ML, Graybeal AJ. Precision of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry reflection scans in muscular athletes. J Clin Densitom. 2018. September 13 10.1016/j.jocd.2018.09.005 PubMed DOI

Smith-Ryan AE, Mock MG, Ryan ED, Gerstner GR, Trexler ET, Hirsch KR. Validity and reliability of a 4-compartment body composition model using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry-derived body volume. Clin Nutr. 2017; 36: 825–830. 10.1016/j.clnu.2016.05.006 PubMed DOI PMC

Ito IH, Kemper HCG, Agostinete RR, Lynch KR, Christofaro DGD, Ronque ER, et al. Impact of martial arts (judo, karate, and kung fu) on bone mineral density gains in adolescents of both genders: 9-month follow-up. Pediatr Exerc Sci. 2017; 29: 496–503. 10.1123/pes.2017-0019 PubMed DOI

Lee MK, Koh M, Fang AC, Le SN, Balasekaran G. In: Chwee TL, James CHG, editors. Estimation of body segment parameters using dual energy absorptiometry and 3-D exterior geometry. 13th International Conference on Biomedical Engineering; 2009. pp. 1777–1780.

Lee MK, Le NS, Fang AC, Koh MT. Measurement of body segment parameters using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry and three-dimensional geometry: an application in gait analysis. J Biomech. 2009; 42: 217–222. 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2008.10.036 PubMed DOI

Durkin JL, Dowling JJ. Body segment parameter estimation of the human lower leg using an elliptical model with validation from DEXA. Ann Biomed Eng. 2006; 34: 1483–1493. 10.1007/s10439-006-9088-6 PubMed DOI

Hart NH, Nimphius S, Spiteri T, Cochrane JL, Newton RU. Segmental musculoskeletal examinations using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA): positioning and analysis considerations. J Sports Sci Med. 2015; 14: 620–6. PubMed PMC

Rossi M, Lyttle A, El-Sallam A, Benjanuvatra N, Blanksby B. Body segment inertial parameters of elite swimmers using DXA and indirect methods. J Sports Sci Med. 2013; 12: 761–75. PubMed PMC

Association of Air Pollution With Adiposity Rates in Active Runners and Inactive People

The effect of regular running on body weight and fat tissue of individuals aged 18 to 65

Dietary protein and the glycemic index handle insulin resistance within a nutritional program for avoiding weight regain after energy-restricted induced weight loss