Relation of personality factors and life events to waist/height ratio and percentage of visceral fat in women and men
Status PubMed-not-MEDLINE Jazyk angličtina Země Nový Zéland Médium electronic-ecollection
Typ dokumentu časopisecké články
PubMed
31308771
PubMed Central
PMC6613611
DOI
10.2147/prbm.s214303
PII: 214303
Knihovny.cz E-zdroje
- Klíčová slova
- anthropometric characteristics, life events, negative affectivity, overweight, personality traits, quality of life, sex differences,
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
PURPOSE: The investigation aimed to explore the association between personality traits, stressful life events, quality of life on anthropometric characteristics (waist/height ratio and percentage of visceral fat). METHOD: A total of 227 participants took part in this cross-sectional study. Participants completed the Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS), Temperament and Character Inventory-Revised, Type-D Scale (DS-14), EuroQol Group 5-Dimension Self-Report Questionnaire (EQ-5D), and demographic questionnaire. Two anthropometric parameters were measured: Waist/height ratio and Percentage of the visceral fat. RESULTS: The average age of participants was 39.6±12.9 years, 60.4% women. The 41.8% of participants were overweight or obese. Regression analysis found a significant link between Harm-avoidance and EQ-5D visual analog scale (VAS) with Waist/height ratio in women and Reward dependence and Cooperativeness with Waist/height ratio in men. In regression analysis, the score of life events (SRRS) has statistically significant linked to Percentage of the visceral fat in women. The regression analysis also found a significant link between Novelty seeking, DS14, Negative affectivity, and EQ-5D VAS with Percentage of the visceral fat in women. CONCLUSION: Significant associations between live events, personality traits, and body anthropometric measures were recognized. The differences were recognized between women and men. Outcomes propose some promising tools by which personality factors may influence overweight and obesity.
Department of clinical psychology Psychagogia Liptovsky Mikulas 03101 The Slovak Republic
Internal Medicine and Cardiology Private practice MUDr Ivan Majercak Košice The Slovak Republic
Zobrazit více v PubMed
Alboni P, Alboni M. Psychosocial factors as predictors of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular events: contribution from animal models. G Ital Cardiol (Rome). 2006;7(11):747–753. PubMed
Franklin BA. Impact of psychosocial risk factors on the heart: changing paradigms and perceptions. Phys Sportsmed. 2009;37(3):35–37. doi:10.3810/psm.2009.10.1727 PubMed DOI
Fabre B, Grosman H, Mazza O, et al. Relationship between cortisol, life events and metabolic syndrome in men. Stress. 2013;16(1):16–23. doi:10.3109/10253890.2012.676112 PubMed DOI
Chen Z, Yang G, Zhou M, et al. Body mass index and mortality from ischaemic heart disease in a lean population: a 10-year prospective study of 220.000 adult men. Int J Epidemiol. 2006;35(1):141–150. doi:10.1093/ije/dyi215 PubMed DOI
Guh DP, Zhang W, Bansback N, Amarsi Z, Birmingham CL, Anis AH. The incidence of co-morbidities related to obesity and overweight: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Public Health. 2009;9:88. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-9-253 PubMed DOI PMC
Prospective Studies Collaboration. Body-mass index and cause-specific mortality in 900 000 adults: collaborative analyses of 57 prospective studies. Lancet. 2009;373(9669):1083–1096. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60318-4 PubMed DOI PMC
Alpert MA, Lavie CJ, Agrawal H, Aggarwal KB, Kumar SA. Obesity and heart failure: epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and management. Transl Res. 2014;164:345–356. doi:10.1016/j.trsl.2014.04.010 PubMed DOI
Barquera S, Pedroza-Tobías A, Medina C, et al. Global overview of the epidemiology of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Arch Med Res. 2015;46:328–338. doi:10.1016/j.arcmed.2015.06.006 PubMed DOI
Khazem S, Itani L, Kreidieh D, et al. Reduced lean body mass and cardiometabolic diseases in adult males with overweight and obesity: a pilot study. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2018;15(12):pii: E2754. doi:10.3390/ijerph15061188 PubMed DOI PMC
González-Muniesa P, Mártinez-González MA, Hu FB, et al. Obesity. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2017;3:17034. doi:10.1038/nrdp.2017.34 PubMed DOI
Yen YC, Huang CK, Tai CM. Psychiatric aspects of bariatric surgery. Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2014;27:374–379. doi:10.1097/YCO.0000000000000085 PubMed DOI PMC
WHO Expert Consultation. Appropriate body-mass index for Asian populations and its implications for policy and intervention strategies. Lancet. 2004;363:157–163. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(03)15268-3 PubMed DOI
Holley TJ, Collins CE, Morgan PJ, Callister R, Hutchesson MJ. Weight expectations, motivations for weight change and perceived factors influencing weight management in young Australian women: a cross-sectional study. Public Health Nutr. 2016;19:275–286. doi:10.1017/S1368980015003110 PubMed DOI PMC
Ghaddar F, Salameh P, Saleh N, et al. Noncardiac Lebanese hospitalized adult patients’ awareness of their coronary artery disease risk factors. Vasc Health Risk Manag. 2018;14:371–382. doi:10.2147/VHRM.S176167 PubMed DOI PMC
Schneider HJ, Friedrich N, Klotsche J, Pieper L, Nauck M, John U. The predictive value of different measures of obesity for incident cardiovascular events and mortality. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010;95(4):1777–1785. doi:10.1210/jc.2009-1584 PubMed DOI
Ohlson LO, Larsson B, Svärdsudd K, et al. The influence of body fat distribution on the incidence of diabetes mellitus: 13.5 years of follow-up of the participants in the study of men born in 1913. Diabetes. 1985;34:1055–1058. doi:10.2337/diab.34.10.1055 PubMed DOI
Després JP. Health consequences of visceral obesity. Ann Med. 2001;33(8):534–541. PubMed
Suk SH, Sacco RL, Boden-Albala B, et al. Abdominal obesity and risk of ischemic stroke: the Northern Manhattan Stroke Study. Stroke. 2003;34(7):1586–1592. doi:10.1161/01.STR.0000075294.98582.2F PubMed DOI
Canoy D. Distribution of body fat and risk of coronary heart disease in men and women. Curr Opin Cardiol. 2008;23(6):591–598. doi:10.1097/HCO.0b013e328313133a PubMed DOI
Ashwell M. Obesity risk: importance of the waist–to–height ratio. Nurs Stand. 2009;23:49–54. doi:10.7748/ns2009.06.23.41.49.c7050 PubMed DOI
Han E, Lee YH, Lee BW, Kang ES, Lee IK, Cha BS. Anatomic fat depots and cardiovascular risk: a focus on the leg fat using nationwide surveys (KNHANES 2008-2011). Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2017;16:54. doi:10.1186/s12933-017-0624-5 PubMed DOI PMC
Gruzdeva O, Borodkina D, Uchasova E, Dyleva Y, Barbarash O. Localization of fat depots and cardiovascular risk. Lipids Health Dis. 2018;17(1):218. doi:10.1186/s12944-018-0856-8 PubMed DOI PMC
Wimmelmann CL, Lund R, Christensen U, Osler M, Mortensen EL. Associations between obesity and mental distress in late midlife: results from a large Danish community sample. BMC Obes. 2016;3:54. doi:10.1186/s40608-016-0137-x PubMed DOI PMC
Slepecky M, Kotianova A, Prasko J, et al. Coping, schemas, and cardiovascular risks – study protocol. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2017;13:2599–2605. doi:10.2147/NDT.S148837 PubMed DOI PMC
Slepecky M, Kotianova A, Prasko J, et al. Which psychological, psychophysiological, and anthropometric factors are connected with life events, depression, and quality of life in patients with cardiovascular disease. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2017;13:2093–2104. doi:10.2147/NDT.S141811 PubMed DOI PMC
Cotter EW, Kelly NR. Stress-related eating, mindfulness, and obesity. Health Psychol. 2018;37(6):516–525. doi:10.1037/hea0000614 PubMed DOI PMC
Ozier AD, Kendrick OW, Leeper JD, Knol LL, Perko M, Burnham J. Overweight and obesity are associated with emotion- and stress-related eating as measured by the eating and appraisal due to emotions and stress questionnaire. J Am Diet Assoc. 2008;108(1):49–56. doi:10.1016/j.jada.2007.10.011 PubMed DOI
Surkan PJ, Sakyi KS, Hu A, et al. Impact of stressful life events on central adiposity in the Pelotas Birth Cohort. Rev Saude Publica. 2018;52:61. doi:10.11606/S1518-8787.2018052000161 PubMed DOI PMC
Björntorp P. Do stress reactions cause abdominal obesity and comorbidities? Obes Rev. 2001;2(2):73–86. PubMed
Charmandari E, Tsigos C, Chrousos G. Endocrinology of the stress response. Annu Rev Physiol. 2005;67:259–284. doi:10.1146/annurev.physiol.67.040403.120816 PubMed DOI
Torres SJ, Nowson CA. Relationship between stress, eating behavior, and obesity. Nutrition. 2007;23(11–12):887–894. doi:10.1016/j.nut.2007.08.008 PubMed DOI
de Vriendt T, Moreno LA, De Henauw S. Chronic stress and obesity in adolescents: scientific evidence and methodological issues for epidemiological research. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2009;19(7):511–519. doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2009.02.009 PubMed DOI
Sullivan S, Cloninger CR, Przybeck TR, Klein S. Personality characteristics in obesity and relationship with successful weight loss. Int J Obes (Lond). 2007;31(4):669–674. doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0803464 PubMed DOI PMC
van Den Bree MBM, Przybeck TR, Cloninger CR. Diet and personality: associations in a population-based sample. Appetite. 2006;46:177–188. doi:10.1016/j.appet.2005.12.004 PubMed DOI
Heaven PC, Mulligan K, Merrilees R, Woods T, Fairooz Y. Neuroticism and conscientiousness as predictors of emotional, external, and restrained eating behaviors. Int J Eat Disord. 2001;30(2):161–166. PubMed
Provencher V, Bégin C, Gagnon-Girouard MP, Tremblay A, Boivin S, Lemieux S. Personality traits in overweight and obese women: associations with BMI and eating behaviors. Eat Behav. 2008;9(3):294–302. doi:10.1016/j.eatbeh.2007.10.004 PubMed DOI
Gerlach G, Herpertz S, Loeber S. Personality traits and obesity: a systematic review. Obes Rev. 2015;16(1):32–63. doi:10.1111/obr.12235 PubMed DOI
Ellickson-Larew S, Naragon-Gainey K, Watson D. Pathological eating behaviors, BMI, and facet-level traits: the roles of conscientiousness, neuroticism, and impulsivity. Eat Behav. 2013;14(4):428–431. doi:10.1016/j.eatbeh.2013.06.015 PubMed DOI
Wimmelmann CL, Lund R, Flensborg-Madsen T, Christensen U, Osler M, Lykke Mortensen E. Associations of personality with body mass index and obesity in a large late midlife community sample. Obes Facts. 2018;11(2):129–143. doi:10.1159/000487888 PubMed DOI PMC
Cloninger CR, Svrakic DM, Przybeck TR. A psychobiological model of temperament and character. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1993;50:975–999. PubMed
Cloninger CR, Przybeck TR, Svrakic DM, Wetzel RD. The Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI): A Guide to Its Development and Use. St Louis, MO: Center for Psychobiology of Personality, Washington University; 1994.
Svrakic DM, Whitehead C, Przybeck TR, Cloninger R. Differential diagnosis of personality disorders by the seven-factor model of temperament and character. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1993;50:991–999. PubMed
Brewerton TD, Hand LD, Bishop ER Jr. The tridimensional personality questionnaire in eating disorder patients. Int J Eat Disord. 1993;14:213–218. doi:10.1002/(ISSN)1098-108X PubMed DOI
Waller DA, Gullion CM, Petty F, Hardy BW, Murdock MV, Rush AJ. Tridimensional personality questionnaire and serotonin in bulimia nervosa. Psychiatry Res. 1993;48:9–15. doi:10.1016/0165-1781(93)90108-S PubMed DOI
Kleifield EI, Sunday S, Hurt S, Halmi KA. The Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire: an exploration of personality traits in eating disorders. J Psychiatr Res. 1994;28:413–423. doi:10.1016/0022-3956(94)90001-9 PubMed DOI
Bulik CM, Sullivan PF, Weltzin TE, Kaye WH. Temperament in eating disorders. Int J Eat Disord. 1995;17:251–261. doi:10.1002/(ISSN)1098-108X PubMed DOI
Fassino S, Daga GA, Piero A, Leombruni P, Rovera GG. Anger and personality in eating disorders. J Psychosomat Res. 2001;51:757–764. doi:10.1016/S0022-3999(01)00280-X PubMed DOI
Tambelli R, Cerniglia L, Cimino S, et al. An exploratory study on the influence of psychopathological risk and impulsivity on BMI and perceived quality of life in obese patients. Nutrients. 2017;9(5):pii: E431. doi:10.3390/nu9050431 PubMed DOI PMC
Cerniglia L, Cimino S, Erriu M, Jezek S, Almenara CA, Tambelli R. Trajectories of aggressive and depressive symptoms in male and female overweight children: do they share a common path or do they follow different routes? PLoS One. 2018;13(1):e0190731. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0190731 PubMed DOI PMC
Fassino S, Leombruni P, Piero A, et al. Temperament and character in obese women with and without binge eating disorder. Compr Psychiatry. 2002;43:431–437. doi:10.1053/comp.2002.35906 PubMed DOI
Ford ES, Moriarty DG, Zack MM, Mokdad AH. Chapman DP self-reported body mass index and health-related quality of life: findings from the behavioral risk factor surveillance system. Obes Res. 2001;9(1):21–31. doi:10.1038/oby.2001.4 PubMed DOI
Larsson U, Karlsson J, Sullivan M. Impact of overweight and obesity on health-related quality of life – a Swedish population study. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2002;26(3):417–424. doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0801919 PubMed DOI
Hassan MK, Joshi AV, Madhavan SS, Amonkar MM. Obesity and health-related quality of life: a cross-sectional analysis of the US population. Inter J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2003;27(10):1227–1232. doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0802396 PubMed DOI
Heath GW, Brown DW. Recommended levels of physical activity and health-related quality of life among overweight and obese adults in the United States, 2005. J Phy Act Health. 2009;6(4):403–411. doi:10.1123/jpah.6.4.403 PubMed DOI
Soltoft F, Hammer M, Kragh N. The association of body mass index and health-related quality of life in the general population: data from the 2003 Health Survey of England. Qual Life Res. 2009;18(10):1293–1299. doi:10.1007/s11136-009-9478-y PubMed DOI PMC
Herman KM, Hopman WM, Vandenkerkhof EG, Rosenberg MW. Physical activity, body mass index, and health-related quality of life in Canadian adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2012;44(4):625–636. doi:10.1249/MSS.0b013e31823a90ae PubMed DOI
Holmes TH, Rahe RH. The social readjustment rating scale. J Psychosom Res. 1967;11(2):213–218. PubMed
Farmer RF, Goldberg LR. A psychometric evaluation of the revised Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI-R) and the TCI-14. Psychol Assess. 2008;20(3):281. doi:10.1037/a0012934 PubMed DOI PMC
Gillespie NA, Cloninger CR, Heath AC, Martin NG. The genetic and environmental relationship between Cloninger’s dimensions of temperament and character. Pers Individ Dif. 2003;35:1931–1946. doi:10.1016/S0191-8869(03)00042-4 PubMed DOI PMC
Cloninger CR. Biology of personality dimensions. Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2000;13:611–616. doi:10.1097/00001504-200011000-00024 DOI
Preiss M, Klose J. Diagnostika poruch osobnosti pomocí teorie C. R. Cloningera. [Diagnosis of personality disorders by C.R. Cloninger theory. In Czech]. Psychiatrie. 2001;5:226–231.
Heretik A, Hajduk M. Psychometric properties of the Slovak version of the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI-R) – a preliminary analysis. Annales Psychologici. 2014;1(15):5–11.
Denollet J. Standard assessment of negative affectivity, social inhibition, and Type D personality. Psychosom Med. 2005;67(1):89–97. doi:10.1097/01.psy.0000149256.81953.49 PubMed DOI
Denollet J. Personality and coronary heart disease: the type-D scale-16 (DS14). Ann Behav Med. 1998;20(3):209–215. doi:10.1007/BF02884962 PubMed DOI
Denollet J, Schiffer AA, Spek V. A general propensity to psychological distress affects cardiovascular outcomes: evidence from research on the T(distressed) personality profile. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 2010;3(5):546–557. doi:10.1161/CIRCOUTCOMES.109.934406 PubMed DOI
Durka R, Ruch W. Osobnosť typu D v populácii Slovenských univerzitných študentov: psychometrické kvality dotazníka DS14. [Type D personality in Slovak university students: psychometric quality of questionnaire DS14. In Slovak]. Ceskoslovenská Psychológie. 2014;58(1):62–71.
Cleemput I. A social preference valuations set for EQ-5D health states in Flanders, Belgium. Eur J Health Econ. 2010;11(2):205–213. doi:10.1007/s10198-009-0167-0 PubMed DOI
Alvarado-Bolaños A, Cervantes-Arriaga A, Rodríguez-Violante M, et al. Convergent validation of EQ-5D-5L in patients with Parkinson’s disease. J Neurol Sci. 2015;358(1–2):53–57. doi:10.1016/j.jns.2015.08.010 PubMed DOI
Rabin R, de Charro F. EQ-5D: a measure of health status from the EuroQol Group. Ann Med. 2001;33(5):337–343. PubMed
Shafie AA, Hassali MA, Liau SY. A cross-sectional validation study of EQ-5D among the Malaysian adult population. Qual Life Res. 2011;20(4):593–600. doi:10.1007/s11136-010-9774-6 PubMed DOI
Berg J, Lindgren P, Mejhert M, Edner M, Dahlström U, Kahan T. Determinants of utility based on the EuroQol five-dimensional questionnaire in patients with chronic heart failure and their change over time: results from the swedish heart failure registry. Value Health. 2015;18(4):439–448. doi:10.1016/j.jval.2015.02.003 PubMed DOI
EMEA. 2002. Available from: http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/Scientific_guideline/2009/09/WC500002874.pdf.Accessed March20, 2009.
Loranger AW, Janca A, Sartorius N. Assessment and Diagnosis of Personality Disorders: The ICD-10 International Personality Disorder Examination (IPDE). Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 1997.
Lusher JM, Chandler C, Ball D. Dopamine D4 receptor gene (DRD4) is associated with Novelty-seeking (NS) and substance abuse: the saga continues. Mol Psychiatry. 2001. 6(5):497–499. Available from: http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/v6/n5/full/4000918a.html. doi:10.1038/sj.mp.4000918 PubMed DOI
Gutierrez-Zotes A, Labad J, Martorell L, et al. The revised temperament and character inventory: normative data by sex and age from a Spanish normal randomized sample. Peer J. 2015;3:e1481. doi:10.7717/peerj.1481 PubMed DOI PMC
Waller NG, Ross CA. The prevalence and biometric structure of pathological dissociation in the general population: taxometric and behavior genetic findings. J Abnorm Psychol. 1997;106(4):499–510. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.106.4.499 PubMed DOI
Bulik CM, Sullivan PF, Carter FA, McIntosh VV, Joyce PR. Predictors of rapid and sustained response to cognitive-behavioral therapy for bulimia nervosa. Int J Eat Disord. 1999;26:137–144. doi:10.1002/(ISSN)1098-108X PubMed DOI
López-Pantoja JL, Cabranes JA, Sanchez-Quintero S, et al. Personality profiles between obese and control subjects assessed with five standardized personality scales. Actas Esp Psiquiatr. 2012;40(5):266–274. PubMed
Sarisoy G, Atmaca A, Ecemiş G, Gümüş K, Pazvantoğlu O. Personality characteristics and body image in obese individuals. Asia Pac Psychiatry. 2014;6(2):191–199. doi:10.1111/appy.12023 PubMed DOI
Dalle Grave R, Calugi S, El Ghoch M. Are personality characteristics as measured by the temperament and character inventory (TCI) associated with obesity treatment outcomes? A systematic review. Curr Obes Rep. 2018;7(1):27–36. doi:10.1007/s13679-018-0294-y PubMed DOI
Dalle Grave R, Calugi S, Marchesini G, et al., QUOVADIS II Study Group. Personality features of obese women in relation to binge eating and night eating. Psychiatry Res. 2013;207(1–2):86–91. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2012.09.001 PubMed DOI
Lindroos AK, Lissner L, Mathiassen ME, et al. Dietary intake in relation to restrained eating, disinhibition, and hunger in obese and non-obese Swedish women. Obes Res. 1997;5:175–182. doi:10.1002/j.1550-8528.1997.tb00290.x PubMed DOI
Castellanos EH, Charboneau E, Dietrich MS, et al. Obese adults have visual attention bias for food cue images: evidence for altered reward system function. Int J Obes. 2009;33:1063–1073. doi:10.1038/ijo.2009.138 PubMed DOI
Cloninger CR. A unified biosocial theory of personality and its role in the development of anxiety states. Psychiatr Dev. 1986;4(3):167–226. PubMed
Ham BJ, Choi MJ, Lee HJ, Kang RH, Lee MS. Reward-dependence is related to norepinephrine transporter T-182C gene polymorphism in a Korean population. Psychiatr Genet. 2005;15(2):145–147. doi:10.1097/00041444-200506000-00012 PubMed DOI
Yamano E, Isowa T, Nakano Y, et al. Association study between reward-dependence temperament and a polymorphism in the phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase gene in a Japanese female population. Compr Psychiatry. 2008;49(5):503–507. doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2008.03.001 PubMed DOI
Pud D, Eisenberg E, Sprecher E, Rogowski Z, Yarnitsky D. The Tridimensional personality theory and pain: harm-avoidance and Reward-dependence traits correlate with pain perception in healthy volunteers. Eur J Pain. 2004;8(1):31–38. doi:10.1016/S1090-3801(03)00065-X PubMed DOI
De Panfilis C, Torre M, Cero S, et al. Personality and attrition from behavioral weight-loss treatment for obesity. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2008;30(6):515–520. doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2008.06.003 PubMed DOI
Koritzky G, Dieterle C, Rice C, Jordan K, Bechara A. Decision-making, sensitivity to reward and attrition in weight management. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2014;22(8):1904–1909. doi:10.1002/oby.20770 PubMed DOI PMC
Brockmeyer T, Simon JJ, Becker A, Friederich HC. Reward-related decision making and long-term weight loss maintenance. Physiol Behav. 2017;181:69–74. doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2017.09.008 PubMed DOI
Ouellette AS, Rodrigue C, Lemieux S, Tchernof A, Biertho L, Bégin C. An examination of the mechanisms and personality traits underlying food addiction among individuals with severe obesity awaiting bariatric surgery. Eat Weight Disord. 2017;22(4):633–640. doi:10.1007/s40519-017-0440-7 PubMed DOI
Garcia D, Forssell H, Cloninger KM. Aspiring personality: patients waiting for obesity treatment. Psych J. 2018;7(2):103–104. doi:10.1002/pchj.209 PubMed DOI
Pedersen SS, Denollet J, Ong AT, Serruys PW, Erdman RA, van Domburg RT. Impaired health status in Type D patients following PCI in the drug-eluting stent era. Int J Cardiol. 2007;114:358–365. doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2005.12.018 PubMed DOI
Watson D, Pennebaker JW. Health complaints, stress, and distress: exploring the central role of negative affectivity. Psychol Rev. 1989;96:234–254. PubMed
Pedersen SS, van Domburg RT, Theuns DA, Jordaens L, Erdman RA. Type D personality is associated with increased anxiety and depressive symptoms in patients with an implantable cardioverter defibrillator and their partners. Psychosom Med. 2004;66:714–719. doi:10.1097/01.psy.0000132874.52202.21 PubMed DOI
Aquarius AE, Denollet J, Hamming JF, De Vries J. Role of disease status and T personality in outcomes in patients with peripheral arterial disease. Am J Cardiol. 2005;96:996–1001. doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2005.05.059 PubMed DOI