Emerging infectious diseases are frequently zoonotic, often originating in wildlife, but enteric protozoa are considered relatively minor contributors. Opinions regarding whether pathogenic enteric protozoa may be transmitted between wildlife and humans have been shaped by our investigation tools, and have led to oscillations regarding whether particular species are zoonotic or have host-adapted life cycles. When the only approach for identifying enteric protozoa was morphology, it was assumed that many enteric protozoa colonized multiple hosts and were probably zoonotic. When molecular tools revealed genetic differences in morphologically identical species colonizing humans and other animals, host specificity seemed more likely. Parasites from animals found to be genetically identical - at the few genes investigated - to morphologically indistinguishable parasites from human hosts, were described as having zoonotic potential. More discriminatory molecular tools have now sub-divided some protozoa again. Meanwhile, some infection events indicate that, circumstances permitting, some "host-specific" protozoa, can actually infect various hosts. These repeated changes in our understanding are linked intrinsically to the investigative tools available. Here we review how molecular tools have assisted, or sometimes confused, our understanding of the public health threat from nine enteric protozoa and example wildlife hosts (Balantoides coli - wild boar; Blastocystis sp. - wild rodents; Cryptosporidium spp. - wild fish; Encephalitozoon spp. - wild birds; Entamoeba spp. - non-human primates; Enterocytozoon bieneusi - wild cervids; Giardia duodenalis - red foxes; Sarcocystis nesbitti - snakes; Toxoplasma gondii - bobcats). Molecular tools have provided evidence that some enteric protozoa in wildlife may infect humans, but due to limited discriminatory power, often only the zoonotic potential of the parasite is indicated. Molecular analyses, which should be as discriminatory as possible, are one, but not the only, component of the toolbox for investigating potential public health impacts from pathogenic enteric protozoa in wildlife.

Centre for Sustainable Aquatic Ecosystems College of Science Health Engineering and Education Murdoch University Murdoch WA 6150 Australia

College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine Henan Agricultural University Zhengzhou 450046 China

Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Norwegian University of Life Sciences PO Box 369 Sentrum 0102 Oslo Norway

Department of Microbiology and Parasitology Faculty of Pharmacy Complutense University Plaza Ramón y Cajal s n 28040 Madrid Spain

Department of Microbiology University of Tennessee Knoxville TN 37996 1937 USA

Faculty of Agriculture University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice Studentská 1668 370 05 Czech Republic

Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine Keppel Street London WC1E 7HT United Kingdom

Institute of Epidemiology Friedrich Loeffler Institut Federal Research Institute for Animal Health 17493 Greifswald Insel Riems Germany

Institute of Parasitology Biology Centre of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic Branišovská 31 370 05 České Budějovice Czech Republic

Laboratory of Molecular and Evolutionary Parasitology RAPID Group School of Biosciences University of Kent Canterbury UK

Parasitology Laboratory Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Norwegian University of Life Sciences PO Box 369 Sentrum 0102 Oslo Norway

United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service Beltsville Agricultural Research Center Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory Building 1001 Beltsville MD 20705 2350 USA

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