Animal body coloration is a complex trait resulting from the interplay of multiple mechanisms. While many studies address the functions of animal coloration, the mechanisms of colour production still remain unknown in most taxa. Here we compare reflectance spectra, cellular, ultra- and nano-structure of colour-producing elements, and pigment types in two freshwater turtles with contrasting courtship behaviour, Trachemys scripta and Pseudemys concinna. The two species differ in the distribution of pigment cell-types and in pigment diversity. We found xanthophores, melanocytes, abundant iridophores and dermal collagen fibres in stripes of both species. The yellow chin and forelimb stripes of both P. concinna and T. scripta contain xanthophores and iridophores, but the post-orbital regions of the two species differ in cell-type distribution. The yellow post-orbital region of P. concinna contains both xanthophores and iridophores, while T. scripta has only xanthophores in the yellow-red postorbital/zygomatic regions. Moreover, in both species, the xanthophores colouring the yellow-red skin contain carotenoids, pterins and riboflavin, but T. scripta has a higher diversity of pigments than P. concinna. Trachemys s. elegans is sexually dichromatic. Differences in the distribution of pigment cell types across body regions in the two species may be related to visual signalling but do not match predictions based on courtship position. Our results demonstrate that archelosaurs share some colour production mechanisms with amphibians and lepidosaurs (i.e. vertical layering/stacking of different pigment cell types and interplay of carotenoids and pterins), but also employ novel mechanisms (i.e. nano-organization of dermal collagen) shared with mammals.

Centro de Conservación de Especies Dulceacuícolas de la Comunidad Valenciana VAERSA Generalitat Valenciana El Palmar València 46012 Spain

Department of Analytical Chemistry Faculty of Science Charles University Hlavova 8 Prague 2 128 43 Czech Republic

Department of Biology and Medical Genetics 2nd Faculty of Medicine Charles University and University Hospital Motol 5 Úvalu 84 150 06 Prague Czech Republic

Department of Biophysical Chemistry J Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences Dolejškova 3 Prague 8 18223 Czech Republic

Department of Food Science Faculty of Agrobiology Food and Natural Resources Czech University of Life Sciences Prague Kamýcká 129 Prague 6 165 00 Czech Republic

Department of Philosophy and History of Science Faculty of Science Charles University Viničná 7 Prague 2 128 00 Czech Republic

Department of Zoology Natural History Museum National Museum Václavské nám 68 Prague 1 110 00 Czech Republic

Ethology Lab Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology University of Valencia C Catedrátic José Beltrán Martinez 2 Paterna València 46980 Spain

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Body coloration and mechanisms of colour production in Archelosauria: the case of deirocheline turtles

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