Glacial environments play an important role in high-latitude marine nutrient cycling, potentially contributing significant fluxes of silicon (Si) to the polar oceans, either as dissolved silicon (DSi) or as dissolvable amorphous silica (ASi). Silicon is a key nutrient in promoting marine primary productivity, contributing to atmospheric CO2 removal. We present the current understanding of Si cycling in glacial systems, focusing on the Si isotope (δ30Si) composition of glacial meltwaters. We combine existing glacial δ30Si data with new measurements from 20 sub-Arctic glaciers, showing that glacial meltwaters consistently export isotopically light DSi compared with non-glacial rivers (+0.16‰ versus +1.38‰). Glacial δ30SiASi composition ranges from -0.05‰ to -0.86‰ but exhibits low seasonal variability. Silicon fluxes and δ30Si composition from glacial systems are not commonly included in global Si budgets and isotopic mass balance calculations at present. We discuss outstanding questions, including the formation mechanism of ASi and the export of glacial nutrients from fjords. Finally, we provide a contextual framework for the recent advances in our understanding of subglacial Si cycling and highlight critical research avenues for assessing potential future changes in these environments.

Department of Ecology Faculty of Science Charles University Prague Czechia

Department of Environmental Sciences Western Norway University of Applied Sciences Sogndal Norway

Earth and Life Institute Environmental Sciences Université Catholique de Louvain L7 05 10 1348 Louvain la Neuve Belgium

German Research Centre for Geosciences GFZ Potsdam Germany

National High Magnetic Field Lab and Earth Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences Florida State University Tallahassee FL USA

School of Earth Sciences University of Bristol Bristol UK

School of Geographical Sciences University of Bristol Bristol UK

Stream Biofilm and Ecosystem Research Laboratory School of Architecture Civil and Environmental Engineering École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne 1015 Lausanne Switzerland

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Insights into silicon cycling from ice sheet to coastal ocean from isotope geochemistry

Patterns in Microbial Assemblages Exported From the Meltwater of Arctic and Sub-Arctic Glaciers

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